Learning to cruise: Bernstein's theory applied to skill acquisition during infancy
Learning to cruise: Bernstein's theory applied to skill acquisition during infancy
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/s0167-9457(00)00034-8
复制
发表时间：
2000-11-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Ulrich, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Haehl, V;Vardaxis, V;Ulrich, B
巡航代表了从四足运动到双足运动的重要转变。在巡航时，婴儿发现了控制躯干直立的方法。我们预测，婴儿在学习控制躯干以独立巡航和行走时所表现出的运动模式将反映伯恩斯坦的过程[cf.注意： Bernstein，《运动的协调与调节》，佩加蒙出版社，英国牛津，1967 年]提出了成人技能习得的建议。此外，我们预计婴儿会表现出一个控制不良的探索阶段，我们称之为“摇摆阶段”。我们检查了从巡航开始到步行开始期间胸部和骨盆运动控制的纵向变化。我们的研究结果表明，学习巡航涉及最初的摆动阶段，然后逐渐减少摆动或运动校正次数。最后出现了一个相对的控制平台期，胸部和骨盆的运动模式出现了零星的变化。我们认为，婴儿没有表现出自由度冻结的阶段，是因为缺乏做到这一点所需的最低水平的控制。到巡航结束时，尽管婴儿在功能上相当熟练，但仍继续表现出多种不同的控制模式。婴儿限制的自由度刚好足以成功完成任务。我们认为，变异性仍然存在是由于： 考虑到可用的手臂支撑，在这种情况下躯干不一致的负面影响最小；躯干充当了手臂和腿部之间迄今为止不稳定的耦合的灵活界面；与任务提供的多种解决方案相关的约束数量较少。尽管仍然存在差异，但在巡航过程中获得的对躯干的控制似乎使婴儿能够独立行走。 (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. 保留所有权利。
Cruising represents an important transition from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion. While cruising, infants discover ways to control their trunks in upright, We predicted that the movement patterns infants demonstrated when learning to control the trunk in order to cruise and walk independently would reflect the process Bernstein [cf. N.B. Bernstein, The Coordination and Regulation of Movements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1967] proposed for adults' skill acquisition. In addition, we expected that infants would demonstrate a precursor poorly controlled exploratory phase, what we termed the "wobble phase". We examined longitudinal changes in movement control of the thorax and pelvis from the onset of cruising through the onset of walking. Our findings suggest that learning to cruise involves an initial wobble phase followed by a gradual reduction in the wobble, or number of movement corrections. Finally a relative plateau period of control emerged with sporadic variability in the movement patterns of the thorax and pelvis. We suggest that the fact that infants did not show a phase in which they froze degrees of freedom was due to a lack of the minimum level of control one needs in order to do this. By the end of cruising, although functionally quite skillful, infants continued to demonstrate multiple and varied patterns of control. Infants limit the degrees of freedom just enough to successfully accomplish the task. We argue that variability remains due to: the minimal negative consequences of trunk inconsistency in this context given the available arm support; the trunk acts as a flexible interface for the, as yet, unstable coupling between the arms and legs; and the low number of constraints in relation to the multiple solutions that the task affords. Despite of the remaining variability, it appears that the control of the trunk acquired during cruising enables infants to shift into walking independently. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.