Predictability and Uncertainty in the Pleasure of Music: A Reward for Learning?
Predictability and Uncertainty in the Pleasure of Music: A Reward for Learning?
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DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.0428-19.2019
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发表时间：
2019-11-20
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Zatorre, Robert J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gold, Benjamin P.;Pearce, Marcus T.;Zatorre, Robert J.
音乐是人类最大的乐趣之一。它始终如一地参与奖励系统，并且汇聚的证据表明它利用预测来做到这一点。预测的确认和错误对于理解一个人的环境都是必不可少的，音乐提供了许多，因为它在多个时间尺度上操纵相互作用的模式。学习模型表明，这些结果的平衡（即，中等复杂性）优化了不确定性的减少，以获得奖励和愉快的效果。然而，音乐中类似模式的证据是混合的，受到任意复杂性测量的阻碍。在目前的研究中，我们应用了一个经过验证的听觉期望的信息理论模型，系统地测量音乐复杂性的两个关键方面：可预测性（可操作为信息内容[IC]）和不确定性（熵）。在研究1中，我们评估了这些属性如何影响43名男性和女性参与者的音乐偏好;在研究2中，我们在27人的独立样本中复制了研究1，并通过7次呈现相同的刺激来评估真实可预测性的贡献。这两项研究都揭示了IC和熵对喜欢的显着二次效应优于线性效应，表明对中等复杂度音乐的可靠偏好。IC和熵之间的相互作用进一步表明，在更不确定的情况下，更可预测性的偏好，这将有助于减少不确定性。重复刺激降低了喜欢的评级，但并没有破坏中间复杂性的偏好。总之，这些研究结果支持长期假设的最佳区域的可预测性和不确定性的音乐乐趣与正式建模，音乐听的乐趣与学习的内在奖励。
Music ranks among the greatest human pleasures. It consistently engages the reward system, and converging evidence implies it exploits predictions to do so. Both prediction confirmations and errors are essential for understanding one's environment, and music offers many of each as it manipulates interacting patterns across multiple timescales. Learning models suggest that a balance of these outcomes (i.e., intermediate complexity) optimizes the reduction of uncertainty to rewarding and pleasurable effect. Yet evidence of a similar pattern in music is mixed, hampered by arbitrary measures of complexity. In the present studies, we applied a well-validated information-theoretic model of auditory expectation to systematically measure two key aspects of musical complexity: predictability (operationalized as information content [IC] ), and uncertainty (entropy). In Study 1, we evaluated how these properties affect musical preferences in 43 male and female participants; in Study 2, we replicated Study 1 in an independent sample of 27 people and assessed the contribution of veridical predictability by presenting the same stimuli seven times. Both studies revealed significant quadratic effects of IC and entropy on liking that outperformed linear effects, indicating reliable preferences for music of intermediate complexity. An interaction between IC and entropy further suggested preferences for more predictability during more uncertain contexts, which would facilitate uncertainty reduction. Repeating stimuli decreased liking ratings but did not disrupt the preference for intermediate complexity. Together, these findings support long-hypothesized optimal zones of predictability and uncertainty in musical pleasure with formal modeling, relating the pleasure of music listening to the intrinsic reward of learning.