Adaptive Speciation: Adaptive Speciation in Northern Freshwater Fishes
Adaptive Speciation: Adaptive Speciation in Northern Freshwater Fishes
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适应性物种形成：北方淡水鱼类的适应性物种形成
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781139342179.012
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
S. Skúlason
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Snorrason;S. Skúlason
10-北方淡水鱼的适应性物种形成：鱼类内部和物种间生态特化的模式和过程211 （Skúlason et al. 1999; Robinson and Schluter 2000）。中性遗传标记变异分析的最新进展，以及更详细的生态和实验数据，促进了对北方淡水鱼进化过程中生态和遗传因素以及历史制约因素相互作用的因果关系进行剖析的测试。一方面，在同域形式之间的表型差异如何与栖息地和食物资源的可用性、数量和离散性相关方面，可以看到一个清晰的模式（例如，Hindar和Jonsson 1982； Malmquist等人1992；Robinson等人1993）。另一方面，遗传学研究表明，在许多物种中（例如，鲑科鱼、棘鱼、太阳鱼、臭鱼和白鱼），随着共同祖先的冰期后入侵，同域形态的进化已经在当地发生（参见第10.4节的讨论）。共存形态的重复单系起源为研究多样化进化中生态、发育和遗传因素的影响提供了独特的机会（Smith and Todd 1984; West-Eberhard 1986, 1989; Rice 1987; Diehl and Bush 1989; Wilson 1989, 1992; Rice and Hostert 1993; Bush 1994; Skúlason and Smith 1995; Smith and Skúlason 1996; Skúlason et al. 1999; Robinson and Schluter 2000）。在不同的北方淡水鱼群体中所看到的多样性模式的惊人相似性强烈地表明了共同进化机制的运作。然而，物种之间和物种内不同地点之间的差异表明，目前实现的分离程度（例如，参见Skúlason等人1999年）取决于环境参数的变化和形成分离过程的物种特异性约束。在本章中，重点是与资源多态性有关的物种形成。资源多态性代表了在精细尺度上产生不同生态群体的多样化进化。下面处理下列问题：
10-Adaptive Speciation in Northern Freshwater Fishes: Patterns and Processes 211 of ecological specializations within and across fish species (Skúlason et al. 1999; Robinson and Schluter 2000).Recent advances in analyses of variation in neutral genetic markers, along with more detailed ecological and experimental data, have facilitated tests to dissect the causal relationships, whereby ecological and genetic factors and historical constraints interact in the evolution of northern freshwater fish. On the one hand, a clear pattern is seen in how phenotypic differences among sympatric forms correlate with the availability, number, and discreteness of habitat and food resources (eg, Hindar and Jonsson 1982; Malmquist et al. 1992; Robinson et al. 1993). On the other hand, genetic studies have shown that in many species (eg, salmonids, sticklebacks, sunfish, smelt, and whitefish) the evolution of sympatric morphs has occurred locally, following postglacial invasions of common ancestors (see the discussion in Section 10.4). The repeated monophyletic origin of coexisting morphs provides unique opportunities to study the effect of ecological, developmental, and genetic factors in diversifying evolution (Smith and Todd 1984; West-Eberhard 1986, 1989; Rice 1987; Diehl and Bush 1989; Wilson 1989, 1992; Rice and Hostert 1993; Bush 1994; Skúlason and Smith 1995; Smith and Skúlason 1996; Skúlason et al. 1999; Robinson and Schluter 2000). The striking similarities in the patterns of diversity seen in different groups of northern freshwater fish strongly suggest the operation of common evolutionary mechanisms. However, the differences among species, and among localities within species, indicate that the degree of segregation currently realized (see, eg, Skúlason et al. 1999) depends on variations in the environmental parameters and on the species-specific constraints that shape the segregation process. In this chapter, the focus is on speciation in relation to resource polymorphisms. Resource polymorphisms represent diversifying evolution on a fine scale that produces distinct ecological groups. Below the following issues are treated: