Overview of the Mammalian and Environmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Paraffins
Overview of the Mammalian and Environmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Paraffins
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DOI：
10.1007/698_2010_56
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Legler, Juliette
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作者：
Ali, Tamer El-Sayed;Legler, Juliette
氯化石蜡（CPs）是广泛存在于环境中的一类复杂的多氯正构烷烃。最近的研究还表明，母乳等人类样本中存在氯化石蜡。关于氯化石蜡对哺乳动物和环境的毒性的研究相对较少，尽管这些化合物的急性毒性一般较低，但已报告了慢性毒性和亚致死效应，包括短链氯化石蜡的致癌效应。毒性的靶器官包括肝脏、肾脏、甲状腺和甲状旁腺。毒性似乎与链长成反比，并随着氯化程度的增加而增加。据报告，大鼠体内短链氯化石蜡的最低效应水平为100毫克/千克/天（C（10-13），58%置信区间，14天，经口灌胃），中链氯化石蜡的最低效应水平为25毫克/千克/天（C（14-17），52%置信区间，90天，饮食接触）。CP哺乳动物毒性的最敏感终点似乎是发育毒性，大鼠的LOEL为5.7 mg/kg/天。这表明在哺乳动物中，接触浓度和效应浓度之间的安全范围相对较小。水生无脊椎动物似乎对CP毒性高度敏感（糠虾的LOEC为1.6微克/升，粘土暴露于短链氯化石蜡C（10-13），58% CI），并且有迹象表明，鱼类在长期暴露于低浓度后对CP高度敏感。近年来，针对CP毒性撰写了许多全面的评论。本概述综合了关于氯化石蜡毒性的现有信息，并认为，尽管存在数据缺口，但很明显，特别是SSCP可能导致重大的不利环境和人类健康影响。
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a large and complex group of polychlorinated n-alkanes found ubiquitously in the environment. Recent studies also show the presence of CPs in human samples such as breast milk. Relatively few studies have been performed on the mammalian and environmental toxicity of CPs Though the acute toxicity of these compounds is generally low, chronic toxicity and sub-lethal effects have been reported, including carcinogenic effects of short-chained CPs (SCCPs). Target organs for toxicity include the liver, kidneys, and the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Toxicity appears to be inversely related to chain length and increases with greater degrees of chlorination. Lowest effect levels (LOEL) reported in rats are 100 mg/kg/day for the SCCPs (C(10-13), 58% CI, 14 day, oral gavage) and 25 mg/kg/day for medium-chained CPs (C(14-17), 52% CI, 90 days, dietary exposure). The most sensitive endpoint for CP mammalian toxicity appears to be developmental toxicity, with a LOEL in rats of 5.7 mg/kg/day Mammalian risk quotients of merely 2.63 have been reported based on this LOEL. indicating a relatively small margin of safety between exposure and effect concentrations in mammals. Aquatic invertebrates appear to be highly sensitive to CP toxicity (LOEC 1.6 mu g/L for mysids, 28 clay exposure to SCCPs C(10-13), 58% CI), and there are indications that fish are highly sensitive to CPs following prolonged exposure to low concentrations. In recent years, a number of comprehensive reviews have been written on CP toxicity. This overview provides a synthesis of the existing information on CP toxicity, and argues that, despite the data gaps, it is clear that, especially SSCPs may lead to significant adverse environmental and human health effects.