A phylogenetic analysis of higher-level gall wasp relationships (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
A phylogenetic analysis of higher-level gall wasp relationships (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
复制标题
DOI：
10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00053.x
复制
发表时间：
1998-07-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Ronquist, F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Liljeblad, J;Ronquist, F
我们提出了迄今为止在瘿蜂进行的最高级关系的最全面的分析。该分析是基于对成虫骨骼形态的详细研究，得出164个系统发育信息特征，并补充了一些生物学特征。对31属37种木香树进行了研究，其中单系的木香树有4属，其他部落的木香树几乎全部属。外群包括三个更远的木虱科的典型物种：Figitidae（木虱科的姐妹组），Liopteridae和Ibaliidae。数据中有相当多的同质性，但在最短树中的许多分组仍然得到很好的支持，如自举比例和衰减指数所示。数据的划分表明，高水平的同质性是犬科的特征，而不是可用的系统发育保守性状数量被耗尽的结果。该分析支持了Cynipini（橡树瘿蜂）的单系性，它与Rhoditini（玫瑰瘿蜂）、Eschatocerini和Pediaspidini一起形成了一个更大的单系诱导群体，该群体仅限于蔷薇亚纲的木质代表。indeilines （Synergini）是单系的，而Aylacini（主要是草本胆诱导剂）则是一个由基础犬皮体群组成的副系组合。最短的树形图表明，雪梨科可以分为三个主要的谱系：一个包括inquilines，与蔷薇科相关的Aylacini属和Liposthenes；一种完全由蛇属组成，其中包括蛇科、异色科和尼亚科；另一种包括木质瘿蜂（橡树和玫瑰瘿蜂及其盟友），Phanacis-Timaspis复合体和与Papaveraceae相关的Aylacini属。
We present the most comprehensive analysis of higher-level relationships in gall wasps conducted thus far. The analysis was based on detailed study of the skeletal morphology of adults, resulting in 164 phylogenetically informative characters, complemented with a few biological characters. Thirty-seven cynipid species from thirty-one genera, including four genera of the apparently monophyletic Cynipini and almost all of the genera in the other tribes, were examined. The outgroup included exemplar species from three successively more distant cynipoid families: Figitidae (the sister group of the Cynipidae), Liopteridae and Ibaliidae. There was considerable homoplasy in the data, but many groupings in the shortest tree were nonetheless well supported, as indicated by bootstrap proportions and decay indices. Partitioning of the data suggested that the high level of homoplasy is characteristic of the Cynipidae and not the result of the amount of available phylogenetically conservative characters being exhausted. The analysis supported the monophyly of the Cynipini (oak gall wasps) which, together with the Rhoditini (the rose gall wasps), Eschatocerini and Pediaspidini formed a larger monophyletic group of gall inducers restricted to woody representatives of the eudicot subclass Rosidae. The inquilines (Synergini) were indicated to be monophyletic, whereas the Aylacini, primarily herb gall inducers, appeared as a paraphyletic assemblage of basal cynipid groups. The shortest tree suggests that the Cynipidae can be divided into three major lineages: one including the inquilines, the Aylacini genera associated with Rosaceae, and Liposthenes; one consisting entirely of Aylacini genera, among them Aulacidea, Isocolus and Neaylax; and one comprising the woody rosid gallers (the oak and rose gall wasps and allies), the Phanacis-Timaspis complex and the Aylacini genera associated with Papaveraceae.