Livelihood changes and evolution of upland ethnic communities driven by tourism: a case study in Guizhou Province, southwest China
Livelihood changes and evolution of upland ethnic communities driven by tourism: a case study in Guizhou Province, southwest China
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旅游驱动下的高地民族社区生计变化与演化：以贵州省为例
DOI：
10.1007/s11629-015-3631-6
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发表时间：
2016-07-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Cui Hai-yang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Li Ya-juan;Yu Hu;Cui Hai-yang
民族旅游作为一种在不迁移农村人口的情况下缓解贫困的有效生计方式，已成为世界范围内民族地区除传统生计方式外发展经济的主要选择。本文运用民生理论研究了旅游民生驱动下的社区演化，考察了三个处于旅游区生命周期不同阶段的山地旅游社区。本文运用地理信息系统空间分析、半结构化访谈和问卷调查等方法，提出了民族旅游可持续生计框架，通过识别旅游发展过程中民生资产(自然、财力、社会、文化和人力资本)的变化，探讨民族旅游社区的演化。结果表明，民族旅游的发展导致了建设用地增加的变化和土地利用功能的多样化，呈现出从满足当地村民生活需求向满足游客需求、收入构成和旅游收入空间分配不均转变的趋势。民族旅游也导致了传统社会管理结构的恶化，邻里关系的崩溃，民族文化的过度商业化和阶段性真实性，以及农业知识的逐渐消失，现代商业知识和高等教育的增长趋势。此外，这些变化从自然、经济、人文、社会、文化等方面涉及民生资产，相互关联、相互作用，形成了民族共同体新的演变特征。这项研究揭示了生计方式上的冲突，这些冲突形成了新的脆弱性，影响了民族社区的可持续发展。本研究为实现以旅游生计为驱动力的民族社区可持续发展提供了启示。
As an effective livelihood approach to alleviate poverty without rural population migration, ethnic tourism has become the primary choice of economic development in ethnic areas worldwide in addition to traditional livelihood approaches. This article applies the theories of livelihood to study the community evolution driven by tourism livelihood and examine three mountainous tourism communities in different stages of tourist area life cycle. Drawing on the methods of GIS spatial analysis, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, this article proposes a sustainable livelihood framework for ethnic tourism to explore the evolution of ethnic tourism communities by identifying changes in livelihood assets (natural, financial, social, cultural and human capitals) in the process of tourism development. The results show that the development of ethnic tourism has led to changes in the increase of building land, and the diversification of land use functions with a trend of shifting from meeting local villagers' living needs to satisfying tourists, income composition and uneven distribution of tourism income spatially. Ethnic tourism also led to the deterioration of traditional social management structure, collapse of neighboring relationship, the over- commercialization and staged authenticity of ethnic culture, as well as the gradual vanish of agricultural knowledge with a trend of increasing modern business knowledge and higher education. In addition, these changes, involving livelihood assets from natural, economic, human, social and cultural aspects are interrelated and interactive, which form new evolution characters of ethnic community. This study reveals the conflicts over livelihood approaches which have formed new vulnerabilities to impact on sustainable evolution of ethnic communities. This research provides implications for achieving the sustainable development of ethnic communities with the driving force of tourism livelihood.