Maternal effects on phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus
Maternal effects on phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus
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母体对迟缓蝾螈幼虫表型可塑性的影响
DOI：
10.1007/s00442-009-1319-8
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
M. Wakahara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Michimae;K. Nishimura;Y. Tamori;M. Wakahara
母亲的影响是广泛的，并影响各种性状，例如，生活史的战略，配偶的选择，以及避免捕食的能力。因此，母体效应也可能影响后代的表型可塑性，但很少有研究涉及母体效应与后代表型可塑性之间的关系。我们研究了受母亲影响的特征与（卵大小）和迟钝小鲵宽头形态诱导率的表型可塑性。在实验拥挤条件下测试了卵大小与宽头形态诱导之间的关系（低同种、高同种和高异种无尾类的密度），使用来自八个具有不同同种和异种幼虫密度的自然种群的卵和幼虫。宽头变种有一张大嘴，使它能够吃同种或异种，这种能力使它比正常变种有生存优势。我们已经确定，有表型可塑性的发展，如所示的增加，在响应于同种和异种的密度增加的宽头形态的频率。这种反应规范在人群之间存在差异。我们还确定了宽头形态的频率受卵大小的影响，其中较大的卵大小导致宽头形态的表达。此外，我们确定，选择作用于发展宽头形态的倾向，产生了鸡蛋大小的变化。最后，我们发现，卵大小的增加改变了反应规范，有利于宽头形态的发展。例如，实验密度的相等变化在由大卵发育的幼虫中产生宽头形态的频率的变化比在由小卵发育的幼虫中产生的变化更大。群体可塑性的差异可能是群体间卵大小差异的结果，而卵大小的差异是由群体可塑性与卵大小的适应性整合引起的。表型可塑性不能独立于母体效应而进化。
Maternal effects are widespread and influence a variety of traits, for example, life history strategies, mate choice, and capacity to avoid predation. Therefore, maternal effects may also influence phenotypic plasticity of offspring, but few studies have addressed the relationship between maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity of offspring. We examined the relationship between a maternally influenced trait (egg size) and the phenotypic plasticity of the induction rate of the broad-headed morph in the salamanderHynobius retardatus.The relationship between egg size and the induction of the broad-headed morph was tested across experimental crowding conditions (densities of low conspecifics, high conspecifics, and high heterospecific anuran), using eggs and larvae from eight natural populations with different larval densities of conspecifics and heterospecifics. The broad-headed morph has a large mouth that enables it to consume either conspecifics or heterospecifics, and this ability gives survival advantages over the normal morph. We have determined that there is phenotypic plasticity in development, as shown by an increase in the frequency of broad-headed morph in response to an increase in the density of conspecifics and heterospecifics. This reaction norm differed between populations. We also determined that the frequency of the broad-headed morph is affected by egg size in which larger egg size resulted in expression of the broad-headed morph. Furthermore, we determined that selection acting on the propensity to develop the broad-headed morph has produced a change in egg size. Lastly, we found that an increase in egg size alters the reaction norm to favor development of the broad-headed morph. For example, an equal change in experimental density produces a greater change in the frequency of the broad-headed morph in larvae developing from large eggs than it does in larvae developing from small eggs. Population differences in plasticity might be the results of differences in egg size between populations, which is caused by the adaptive integration of the plasticity and egg size. Phenotypic plasticity can not evolve independently of maternal effects.