The Biosynthesis and Function of Polysaccharide Components of the Plant Cell Wall
The Biosynthesis and Function of Polysaccharide Components of the Plant Cell Wall
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DOI：
10.1002/9781118647363.ch1
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发表时间：
2014-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Yokoyama;Naoki Shinohara;Rin Asaoka;Hideki Narukawa;K. Nishitani
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Yokoyama;Naoki Shinohara;Rin Asaoka;Hideki Narukawa;K. Nishitani
陆地植物的细胞壁由三层组成，即中层、初生细胞壁和次生细胞壁。中层直接源自胞质分裂期间产生的细胞板，并且初生细胞壁在细胞扩增过程中沉积到中层上。两层细胞壁通常存在于所有细胞类型中，而在某些特定细胞类型中，在细胞增殖停止后，次生壁沉积在初生细胞壁上（Albersheim 等，2011；图 1.1）。这三层的化学性质和物理性质各不相同，并且具有不同的生物学功能。虽然初生细胞壁和次生细胞壁都直接充当机械外壳，能够抵抗从内向外的膨胀压力和从外向内的压缩力，但只有初生细胞壁可以响应所施加的力而延伸或变形，从而决定细胞膨胀的方向和速率（Burgert和Frantzl，2007；Wasterneys和Collings，2007；图1.1）。除了这些机械作用之外，初生细胞壁还充当信息处理系统。典型功能包括通过质外体信号传导对细胞分化进行非细胞自主调节（Irving 和 Gehring，2012；Wolf 等，2012a），特别是在分生组织中，对病原体和寄生虫的防御反应（Bradley 等，1992；Vorwerk 等，2004）以及与共生体的相互作用。因此，初生细胞壁的动力学在决定发育过程中的细胞形状和功能以及对环境刺激的反应中发挥着关键作用。因此，在本章中，我们将重点关注初生细胞壁及其主要成分（即纤维素和基质多糖）与其功能相关的动态方面。
The cell wall of land plants consists of three layers, namely the middle lamella, the primary cell wall, and the secondary cell wall. The middle lamella is directly derived from the cell plate generated during cytokinesis and the primary cell wall is deposited onto the middle lamella during the cell expansion process. The two cell wall layers are generally found in all cell types, whereas the secondary wall is deposited onto the primary cell wall in certain specific cell types after cell expansion has ceased (Albersheim et al., 2011; Fig. 1.1). The three layers differ from each other in terms of their chemical nature and physical properties, and they serve different biological functions. Although both the primary and secondary cell walls directly function as a mechanical housing capable of resisting both turgor pressure from the inside out and compression force from the outside in, only the primary cell wall can extend or deform in response to the force applied and thereby determine the direction and rate of cell expansion (Burgert and Frantzl, 2007; Wasterneys and Collings, 2007; Fig. 1.1). In addition to these mechanical roles, the primary cell wall functions as an information processing system. Typical functions include non-cell-autonomous regulation of cell differentiation via apoplastic signaling (Irving and Gehring, 2012; Wolf et al., 2012a), particularly in meristems, defensive responses to pathogens and parasites (Bradley et al., 1992; Vorwerk et al., 2004), and interactions with symbionts. The dynamics of the primary cell wall therefore play a pivotal role in determining cell shape and function during development and in response to environmental stimuli. Accordingly, in this chapter we will focus on the primary cell wall and the dynamic aspects of its major components, namely cellulose and matrix polysaccharides, in relation to its function.