Individuals and Social Structure
Individuals and Social Structure
复制标题
个人与社会结构
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1979
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Alice A Young
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Erbring;Alice A Young
在社会科学文献中，对语境效应的处理传统上更侧重于统计现象，而不是社会过程。通常，语境过程的存在是基于“群体层面”效应(与“个体层面”效应形成对比)。本文试图通过关注社会结构和社会互动可能对个人产生影响的潜在过程来纠正这种不平衡。本文讨论了四种可供选择的情境效应生成机制，以及它们对模型规范和估计的影响；然而，其中只有一种机制被发现与将个体结果作为群体过程(内生反馈)的结果建模的概念相兼容。基于格型自回归模型的极大似然估计及其推广到具有格型自相关误差结构的模型，给出了内生反馈模型中参数的一致性估计方法。此外，由于后者往往是由于未能明确规定语境过程而产生的，传统的语境效应统计定义与由此产生的规范偏差相混淆。
Treatments of contextual effects in the social science literature have traditionally focused on statistical phenomena more than on social processes. Typically, the existence of contextual processes has been inferred on the basis of "group-level" effects (as contrasted with "individual-level" effects). This article seeks to redress that imbalance by focusing on underlying processes through which social structure and social interaction may impinge upon individuals. Four alternative generating mechanisms for contextual effects are discussed, along with their implications for model specification and estimation; only one of these, however, is found to be compatible with the notion of modeling individual outcomes as a result of group processes (endogenous feedback). Methods for consistent parameter estimation in endogenous feedback models are presented, based on maximum likelihood estimators for models with lattice autoregressive structure and their extension to models with lattice autocorrelated error structures. Moreover, since the latter often arise by failure to specify contextual processes explicitly, conventional statistical definitions of contextual effects are shown to be confounded with the resulting specification bias.