Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past-猫眼课题宝

历史可以开源吗？

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2006

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R. Rosenzweig

历史是一门非常个人主义的手艺。单独撰写的作品是该专业的标准;自2000年以来，在本刊综合书目指南“最近的学术”中索引的32，000多篇学术作品中，只有大约6%有一个以上的作者。多个作者的作品在科学界很常见更是难觅踪影。只有不到500本书（不到2%）有三位或三位以上的作者。[1]历史学术的特点也是占有性的个人主义。良好的专业实践（以及避免剽窃的指控）要求我们将思想和文字归因于特定的历史学家--我们被教导说“理查德·霍夫施塔特对进步主义的地位焦虑解释”。[2]如果我们使用霍夫施塔特的话超过了限定的字数，我们需要给他的遗产寄一张支票。把霍夫施塔特的散文和你自己的混在一起发表，既违反了版权，也违反了职业规范。因此，在我们的专业文化中，一部没有主人、有多个匿名作者的历史作品几乎是不可想象的。然而，非常值得注意的是，这描述了被称为维基百科的在线百科全书，它包含300万篇文章（其中100万篇是英语）。历史可能是包含最多文章的类别。维基百科是完全免费的。这种自由不仅包括任何人都可以阅读它（比如说，jstor的学术期刊否认了这种自由，因为它需要昂贵的机构订阅），而且更合理地包括他们使用它的自由。你可以把它分发给你的学生，你可以把它出版在一本书里--所有这些只有一个限制：你不能对后来的读者和用户施加比你施加的更多的限制。它没有任何传统意义上的作者。数以万计的人--他们甚至没有得到在上面署名的荣耀--已经合作写了这本书。例如，罗斯福的词条在四年的时间里出现了，五百名作者进行了大约一千次编辑。这种非凡的自由和合作使维基百科成为最重要的应用程序，

History is a deeply individualistic craft. The singly authored work is the standard for the profession; only about 6 percent of the more than 32,000 scholarly works indexed since 2000 in this journal’s comprehensive bibliographic guide, “Recent Scholarship,” have more than one author. Works with several authors—common in the sciences—are even harder to find. Fewer than 500 (less than 2 percent) have three or more authors.1 Historical scholarship is also characterized by possessive individualism. Good professional practice (and avoiding charges of plagiarism) requires us to attribute ideas and words to specific historians—we are taught to speak of “Richard Hofstadter’s status anxiety interpretation of Progressivism.”2 And if we use more than a limited number of words from Hofstadter, we need to send a check to his estate. To mingle Hofstadter’s prose with your own and publish it would violate both copyright and professional norms. A historical work without owners and with multiple, anonymous authors is thus almost unimaginable in our professional culture. Yet, quite remarkably, that describes the online encyclopedia known as Wikipedia, which contains 3 million articles (1 million of them in English). History is probably the category encompassing the largest number of articles. Wikipedia is entirely free. And that freedom includes not just the ability of anyone to read it (a freedom denied by the scholarly journals in, say, jstor, which requires an expensive institutional subscription) but also—more remarkably—their freedom to use it. You can take Wikipedia’s entry on Franklin D. Roosevelt and put it on your own Web site, you can hand out copies to your students, and you can publish it in a book—all with only one restriction: You may not impose any more restrictions on subsequent readers and users than have been imposed on you. And it has no authors in any conventional sense. Tens of thousands of people—who have not gotten even the glory of affixing their names to it—have written it collaboratively. The Roosevelt entry, for example, emerged over four years as five hundred authors made about one thousand edits. This extraordinary freedom and cooperation make Wikipedia the most important application of the

Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past

历史可以开源吗？

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