Mouthparts of the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) exhibit poor acuity for the detection of pesticides in nectar.
Mouthparts of the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) exhibit poor acuity for the detection of pesticides in nectar.
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DOI：
10.7554/elife.89129
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发表时间：
2023-12-18
期刊：
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Wright GA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Parkinson RH;Scott J;Dorling AL;Jones H;Haslam M;McDermott-Roberts AE;Wright GA
蜜蜂是农作物的重要授粉者，但当使用杀虫剂时，它们的种群面临风险。蜜蜂面临的最大风险之一是杀虫剂对花蜜和花粉的毒害。蜜蜂检测类烟碱的研究报告了关于蜜蜂是否可以在蔗糖溶液中品尝这些杀虫剂并因此避免它们的矛盾证据。在这里，我们使用的检测结合单感器电生理学的食物厌恶的检测试验，以测试是否的buff-tailed熊蜂（熊蜂terrestris）的口器检测到农药的存在下，在一个溶液中，模仿油菜（甘蓝型油菜）的花蜜。蜜蜂并不避免消耗含有浓度跨越六个数量级的吡虫啉，噻虫嗪，噻虫胺，或氟啶虫胺，即使这些解决方案含有致死剂量的解决方案。只有极高浓度的杀虫剂通过轻微降低放电率或改变适应率来改变味觉神经元的尖峰。这些数据提供了强有力的证据，表明熊蜂不能利用其口器的信息检测或避免与现场相关的农药浓度。由于蜜蜂很少接触花蜜与其他身体部位，我们预测，他们是在无意中消耗农药处理作物的花蜜农药的高风险。蜜蜂和其他授粉者在从农作物上采集花蜜和花粉时经常遇到杀虫剂。广泛用于保护作物的杀虫剂对昆虫有毒，并导致所有蜜蜂物种的数量下降。蜜蜂能够避免杀虫剂的一种方法是利用它们令人难以置信的良好味觉，它可以检测出含糖溶液之间的细微差异。因此，如果杀虫剂对它们来说是苦的，大黄蜂可能会避免喂养经过杀虫剂处理的作物。然而，目前还不清楚蜜蜂是否能尝到杀虫剂的味道。以前的研究调查他们是否能品尝一组称为“类烟碱”的杀虫剂，得出了相互矛盾的结果。此外，还没有对他们品尝农药的能力进行明确的行为测试。为了阐明这一点，帕金森等人比较了食用纯糖溶液和食用含有杀虫剂的溶液的大黄蜂用于检测味觉的结构内神经元的反应。用一组被称为“胆碱能”的杀虫剂进行的实验表明，无论糖溶液是否含有杀虫剂，神经元的反应都是一样的。其次，通过观察大黄蜂的喂养行为，帕金森等人发现，蜜蜂提供了纯糖溶液和含有杀虫剂的糖溶液，即使它的毒性足以使它们生病或杀死它们，它们仍然会喝杀虫剂溶液。无论使用哪种杀虫剂，都是如此。实验表明，大黄蜂不能利用它们的味觉来避免饮用含有农药的花蜜，这对决策者决定在农作物上使用农药是一个重要的发现。蜜蜂可能只是对苦味的感觉不好。然而，在未来，这些方法可以用来识别对蜜蜂来说味道不好的化合物。在杀虫剂中加入这种化合物，可以阻止蜜蜂以不需要授粉的杀虫剂处理过的作物为食，并有助于恢复其数量下降。
Bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops, but their populations are at risk when pesticides are used. One of the largest risks bees face is poisoning of floral nectar and pollen by insecticides. Studies of bee detection of neonicotinoids have reported contradictory evidence about whether bees can taste these pesticides in sucrose solutions and hence avoid them. Here, we use an assay for the detection of food aversion combined with single-sensillum electrophysiology to test whether the mouthparts of the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) detect the presence of pesticides in a solution that mimicked the nectar of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Bees did not avoid consuming solutions containing concentrations of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, or sulfoxaflor spanning six orders of magnitude, even when these solutions contained lethal doses. Only extremely high concentrations of the pesticides altered spiking in gustatory neurons through a slight reduction in firing rate or change in the rate of adaptation. These data provide strong evidence that bumblebees cannot detect or avoid field-relevant concentrations of pesticides using information from their mouthparts. As bees rarely contact floral nectar with other body parts, we predict that they are at high risk of unwittingly consuming pesticides in the nectar of pesticide-treated crops. Bees and other pollinators often encounter pesticides while collecting nectar and pollen from agricultural crops. Widely used to protect crops, pesticides are toxic to insects and have contributed to population declines in all bee species. One way that bees might be able to avoid pesticides is using their incredibly good sense of taste, which can detect subtle differences between sugary solutions. Therefore, if pesticides taste bitter to them, bumblebees may be able to avoid feeding treated crops. However, it was not clear if bees can taste pesticides. Previous studies investigating whether they can taste a group of pesticides called “neonicotinoids” gave contradictory results. Furthermore, explicit behavioural tests of their ability to taste pesticides had not been performed. To shed light on this, Parkinson et al. compared the responses of neurons within structures used for detecting taste in bumblees eating a pure sugar solution with those eating a solution containing pesticides. Experiments with a group of pesticides known as ‘cholinergic’ showed that neuron responses were the same whether the sugar solution contained pesticides or not. Secondly, by looking at bumblebee feeding behaviour, Parkinson et al. found that bees offered both pure and pesticide-laced sugar solutions would still drink the pesticide solution, even when it was toxic enough to make them very ill or kill them. This was the case regardless of which pesticide was used. The experiments showed that bumblebees cannot use their sense of taste to avoid drinking pesticide-laced nectar, which is an important finding for policymakers making decisions about the use of pesticides on agricultural crops. It is possible that bees simply have a poor sense of bitter taste. However, in the future, these methods could be used to identify a compound that tastes bad to bees. Including such a compound in pesticides, could deter bees from feeding on pesticide-treated crops that do not require pollination, and help to restore their declining populations.
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Parkinson, Rachel H.;Kessler, Sebastien C.;Scott, Jennifer;Simpson, Alexander;Bu, Jennifer;Al-Esawy, Mushtaq;Mahdi, Adam;Miriyala, Ashwin;Wright, Geraldine A.
通讯作者：
Wright, Geraldine A.