Response: Evolution of Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis—Transformed Plants
Response: Evolution of Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis—Transformed Plants
复制标题
响应：昆虫对苏云金芽孢杆菌的抗性进化——转化植物
作者：
D. Alstad;D. Andow
2.从一般模型中，其中n和Pt是第t代抗性等位基因的昆虫频率恢复所需的总昆虫密度和频率，h为0.99 n，其中n是当h = 0时的昆虫隐性。在引进有毒植物之前。九分。抗性等位基因从α固定的速率指示限制有毒植物的策略。在K2 = 0之前，po的初始频率近似与非优选田成正比，然后log[Rpo +（1 po）]当抗性完全为非优选田时。以虚线表示隐性，不表示隐性时为log[1 + h（R 1）]。dtoxicplate是精炼tpantsh的策略10.可以证明对于所有函数F[ ]，都有这样的策略，即限制植物的tOXIC属性的偏好域直到K1 = 0，然后将植物添加到非偏好域。当K2 = r 10，f= 0.8，h = 0，Kln时，R的最小值分别为0.25，0.5和0.75。Ot与098，h=°，11 R. M. May，Nature 361，593（1993）; F.古尔德，美国。[x]=（1 + a x），其中a = 9 Sci. 79，496（1991）; R. M. May和A. P.多布森，在《杀虫剂抗性：管理的战略和战术》（国家科学院出版社，华盛顿）中给出了一般模型（图10，D.C.，1986年），pp. 170-193. 1995年8月3日给出最慢抵抗的策略; 1996年4月4日修订;接受22个选择总是有K2 ' K1。然而，如1996年5月的comborer模型（图1），当Response：伊韦斯在实际应用中出现问题的昆虫数量上进行了形式上正确的减少（>80%）时，策略之间存在差异。这一结果表明，褶皱。他指出，将有毒植物分布扩大到基因工程作物品种田的进化对于表达杀虫晶体（cry）前抗性进化的控制几乎没有潜力。因此，B的其他部分。苏云金杆菌的抗性可以通过减轻抗性的策略来减缓，从而使cry诱导的害虫死亡率最小化，并且应该进行研究（11）。最大限度地提高害虫死亡率归因于安东尼R.伊韦斯其他原因。在一系列优选的和动物学系，非优选的领域，这可以通过限制在unatMadison，WI 53706，USA牵引单元中cry诱导的死亡率（最小化cry-toxin Escort电子邮件：arives@facstaff.wisc.edu sure and selection），并允许昆虫堆积在有吸引力的，未经处理的避难所中来实现。
2. From the general model, the number of where n, and Pt are the total insect density and freations required for the return of the insect quency of the resistance allele in generation t, and h ation to 0.99 n where n is the insect recessive when h = 0). ty before introduction of toxic plants. Solid 9. The rate at which a resistance allele is fixed from an dicates the strategy of confining toxic plants initial frequency of po is approximately proportional to nonpreferred field until K2 = 0, and then log[Rpo + (1 po)] when resistance is completely ntoxic plants to the preferred fields. Dashed recessive, and log[1 + h(R 1)] when not. dtoxicplate s the strategy orefrfining t pantsh 10. It is possible to prove for all functions F[ ] having the idicates the strategy of confining tOXIC plants properties preferred fields until K1 = 0, and then addxic plants to the nonpreferred fields. StrateaF[x] 0 (xF[x]) and Ax] < a, b, and c (dotted lines) have the ratio ax ax X F[x] )/(1 K) = 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75, respecthat the lowest value of R given nin, occurs when K2 Otherparametersare r 10,f= 0.8,h = 0, Kl~.A proof will be provided on request. 'Ot eters a with 098,h=°, 11 R. M. May, Nature 361, 593 (1993); F. Gould, Am. [x] = (1 + a x)witha = 9 Sci. 79, 496(1991); R. M. May and A. P. Dobson, in Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (National Academy Press, Washingtion in the general model is given (Fig. ton, D.C., 1986) pp. 170-193. he strategy giving slowest resistance 3 August 1995; revised 4 April 1996; accepted 22 ition always has K2 ' K1. However, as May 1996 for the com borer model (Fig. 1), there tle difference among strategies when Response: Ives makes a formally correct arguantial reductions(>80%) in insect ment that presents problems in practical apty are desired. This result suggests that plication. He shows that evolution of resisging the distribution of toxic plants tance to genetically engineered crop varieig fields has little potential for controlties expressing insecticidal crystal (cry) proresistance evolution. Therefore, other teins of B. thuringiensis, can be slowed by of strategies to mitigate resistance evominimizing cry-induced pest mortality and l should be investigated (11). maximizing pest mortality attributable to Anthony R. Ives other causes. In an array of preferred and Department of Zoology, unpreferred fields, this can be accomplished University of Wisconsin, by restricting cry-induced mortality in unatMadison, WI 53706, USA tractive units (minimizing cry-toxin expoEmail: arives@facstaff.wisc.edu sure and selection), and allowing insects to pile up in attractive, untreated refuges, maxREFERENCES AND NOTES imizing the potentially beneficial effects of