The Components of Predation as Revealed by a Study of Small-Mammal Predation of the European Pine Sawfly
The Components of Predation as Revealed by a Study of Small-Mammal Predation of the European Pine Sawfly
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DOI：
10.4039/ent91293-5
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发表时间：
1959-05
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. S. Holling
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. S. Holling
动物数量在限制范围内的波动是由该动物的增长能力和对这种增长的抑制力之间的平衡决定的。许多作者都沉迷于计算在没有检查的情况下人口的惊人增长。因此，赫胥黎计算出，一个蚜虫的后代在10代的过程中，假设所有的幸存者，将“比五亿强壮的人含有更多的有分量的物质;也就是说，比中国的全部人口还要多”（汤普森，1929年）。然而，检查确实发生了，而且如何确定这些检查的运作方式一直是一个争议很大的问题。某些一般原理--史密斯（1955）的密度依赖概念、尼科尔森（1933）的竞争理论--已经在口头上和数学上提出，但由于它们部分地基于未经检验和限制性的假设，因此受到了批评（例如，Andrewartha和Birch，1954）。如果我们知道影响数字的每一个过程的运作方式，如果我们知道它的基本和辅助成分，这些问题就可以大大澄清。捕食是其中的一个过程，也是本文的主题。
The fluctuation of an animal's numbers between restricted limits is determined by a balance between that animal's capacity to increase and the environmenta1 cheks to this increase. Many authors have indulged in the calculating the propressive increase of a population when no checks nrerc operating. Thus Huxley calculated that the progeny of a single Aphis in the course of 10 generations, supposing all survived,would “contain more ponderable substance than five hundred millions of stout men; that is, more than the whole population of China”, (in Thompson, 1929). Checks, however, do occur and it has been the subject of much controversy to determine how these checks operate. Certain general principles—the density-dependence concept of Smith ( 1955) , the competition theory of Nicholson (1933)—have been proposed both verbally and mathematically, but because they have been based in part upon untested and restrictive assumptions they have been severelv criticized (e.g. Andrewartha and Birch 1954). These problems could be considerably clarified if we knew the mode of operation of each process that affects numbers, if we knew its basic and subsidiary components. predation, one such process, forms the subject of the present paper.