Reciprocity explains food sharing in humans and other primates independent of kin selection and tolerated scrounging: a phylogenetic meta-analysis
Reciprocity explains food sharing in humans and other primates independent of kin selection and tolerated scrounging: a phylogenetic meta-analysis
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2013.1615
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发表时间：
2013-10-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Gurven, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jaeggi, Adrian V.;Gurven, Michael
帮助，即增加他人适应性的行为，可以在针对亲属或互惠伙伴时进化。这些预测已经在人类觅食动物和非人类灵长类动物的食物共享背景下进行了测试。在这里，我们对32个独立的研究人群进行了定量荟萃分析，以（i）测试互惠对食物共享的总体影响，同时控制替代解释，方法偏差，出版偏差和遗传学，（ii）比较互惠，亲属关系和容忍的乞讨的相对影响，即由于他人施加的成本而共享。我们发现一个显着的整体加权效应大小的互惠性r = 0.20-0.48的最保守和最不保守的措施，分别。效应大小在人类和其他灵长类动物之间没有差异，尽管在实物互惠和贸易方面存在物种差异。互惠共享的相对效果是类似的亲属关系和容忍的乞讨。这些结果表明，互惠对人类和灵长类动物的帮助行为有显著的独立贡献。此外，人类和灵长类动物的相似效应大小反对互惠的认知约束。这项研究是第一次使用荟萃分析来量化人类帮助的这些影响，并直接比较人类和其他灵长类动物。
Helping, i.e. behaviour increasing the fitness of others, can evolve when directed towards kin or reciprocating partners. These predictions have been tested in the context of food sharing both in human foragers and non-human primates. Here, we performed quantitative meta-analyses on 32 independent study populations to (i) test for overall effects of reciprocity on food sharing while controlling for alternative explanations, methodological biases, publication bias and phylogeny and (ii) compare the relative effects of reciprocity, kinship and tolerated scrounging, i.e. sharing owing to costs imposed by others. We found a significant overall weighted effect size for reciprocity of r = 0.20-0.48 for the most and least conservative measure, respectively. Effect sizes did not differ between humans and other primates, although there were species differences in in-kind reciprocity and trade. The relative effect of reciprocity in sharing was similar to those of kinship and tolerated scrounging. These results indicate a significant independent contribution of reciprocity to human and primate helping behaviour. Furthermore, similar effect sizes in humans and primates speak against cognitive constraints on reciprocity. This study is the first to use meta-analyses to quantify these effects on human helping and to directly compare humans and other primates.