National scale mapping of supply and demand for recreational ecosystem services
National scale mapping of supply and demand for recreational ecosystem services
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110779
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发表时间：
2023-08-16
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Willcock，Simon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hooftman，Danny A. P.;Ridding，Lucy E.;Willcock，Simon
文化生态系统服务（CES）在生态系统服务评估中往往代表不足，尽管这些好处的重要性。娱乐经常被用来代表消费电子产品，但识别，量化和映射这些服务仍然是一个挑战。在这项研究中，我们开发了一个国家CES地图预测休闲需求（如步行，徒步旅行，骑自行车）为英国（英国）。娱乐需求的计算方法是，利用人类流动的普遍规律来估计当地娱乐活动的预计访问量，该规律说明了一个地区的吸引力。人们发现，与被认为更有吸引力但位于更偏远地区的保护区相比，人口密集中心周围地区的娱乐需求最大。当评价每周访视时，这种模式最为明显，但当访视频率降至每年时，这种模式仍然明显。在这项研究中，我们还评估是否满足这一需求的娱乐通过评估路径的存在。满足需求（路径存在）的平均值是4.5倍以上未满足的需求（路径缺席）每年访问英国。一般来说，在靠近人口中心的需求最高的地区，道路存在，使道路基础设施满足了84%的年度娱乐需求。然而，英国42%的地区缺乏道路，其中一些地区正好有更高的娱乐需求，例如东北部和威尔士部分地区。因此，我们的研究不仅突出了娱乐需求最高的地方，而且还强调了存在娱乐需求但基础设施（包括路径）不存在的地方，因此有可能得到改善。这些信息对政策制定者和土地管理者很有用，因为它可以根据新的土地管理政策优先考虑维护和改善娱乐设施的地区。
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are often underrepresented in ecosystem service assessments, despite the importance of these benefits. Recreation is often used to represent CES, however identifying, quantifying, and mapping these services continues to be a challenge. In this study, we develop a national CES map predicting recreation demand (e.g. walking, hiking, cycling) for the United Kingdom (UK). Recreation demand is calculated as the number of projected visits for local recreation, estimated using the universal law of human mobility which accounts for the attractiveness of an area. Recreation demand was found to be the greatest in areas surrounding high population centres, compared with protected sites which were deemed more attractive but were in more remote areas. This pattern was most pronounced when evaluating weekly visits, but was still evident where the visit frequency was reduced to annual. In this study, we also evaluate whether this demand is met for recreation by assessing the presence of paths. The mean for met demand (paths present) was 4.5 times greater than unmet demand (paths absent) for yearly visits across the UK. Generally, in the areas of highest demand close to populated centres, paths were present, making 84% of all yearly recreational demand met by path infrastructure. However, paths are lacking from 42% of the UK, with some of these areas coinciding with higher recreation demand, for example in the northeast and parts of Wales. Our study therefore highlights not only where the recreation demand is highest and access should be maintained, but also where demand for recreation exists but the infrastructure including paths are not present, and therefore has the potential to be improved. This information is useful for policy makers and land managers, as it allows areas to be prioritised for the maintenance and improvement of recreation provision under new land management policy.