Migration and dispersal by the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
Migration and dispersal by the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
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DOI：
10.1016/s0168-1923(99)00074-x
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发表时间：
1999-11-30
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Byrne, DN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Byrne, DN
对粉虱等被认为飞行能力较弱的昆虫进行短程传播（小于 10 公里）的研究并未引起对能够迁徙超过 100 公里的强飞行昆虫（如某些叶蝉）的关注。可能的例外是有关甘薯烟粉虱传播的研究。我们想要确定粉虱的飞行能力到底有多弱，以及它是否符合历史上用于定义迁徙的一些标准。在飞行室中，大多数粉虱很快降落。一部分 (6%) 飞行时间超过 15 分钟（有些超过 2 小时）。在这样做的过程中，粉虱忽略了植物的信号，而是将注意力集中在人造天窗上。这是针对超过 4.0 cm/s 的向下气流。将翅膀形态特征与飞行联系起来的尝试大多是成功的。在室内飞行一段时间或在田野中飞行一段距离的粉虱的翅膀形状与未飞行的粉虱的形状不同。在拘留所中，发现烟粉虱散布超过 5 公里。在这些实验中，哈密瓜田里的粉虱被荧光粉尘标记。大部分被标记的人口在靠近该田地的地方着陆，另一大群人被困在 2.2 公里处。我们假设这符合在实验室观察到的飞行行为，即在田野附近捕获的个体迅速对植物信号做出反应并着陆，而其他个体则分散到远处，最初忽略了这些植物信号。这种行为被认为是持久的。此外，野外飞行并不完全受风引导。有时在远离盛行风的地区捕获粉虱。这些表明了强烈的逃亡和迁徙。然而，我们发现粉虱并不具备与较强飞行者相关的所有特征。粉虱不会增加振翅频率来补偿 fbr 高翅膀负载。粉虱不具有卵子发生飞行综合征。尽管有这些发现，粉虱的飞行能力仍不能被认为是弱的。粉虱在飞行室中逆着强劲气流飞行。他们在野外实验中也分散了相当远的距离。还有信息表明，粉虱具有迁徙的形式，就像一些强大的飞虫一样。粉虱的飞行似乎符合与昆虫迁徙相关的许多标准。最后一点，虽然大多数粉虱飞行发生在短距离内，但它在生物学上同样重要，在制定害虫管理计划时不能忽视。 (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. 保留所有权利。
Research on short-range dispersal (less than 10 km) by supposedly weakly flying insects, e.g., whiteflies, has not enjoyed the attention paid to dispersal by strong flying insects that are capable of migrating more than 100 km, such as some leafhoppers. Possible exceptions are studies concerning dispersal by the sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci. We wanted to determine to what extent whitefly flight is truly weak and if it meets some of the criteria historically used to define migration. In a flight chamber the majority of whiteflies landed quickly. A portion (6%) flew for more than 15 min (some more than 2 h). In doing so whiteflies ignored vegetative cues and focused on artificial skylight. This was against a downwardly directed airstream exceeding 4.0 cm/s. Attempts to associate wing morphological characteristics with their flight were mostly successful. The shapes of the wings of whiteflies that flew for some time in the chamber, or for some distance in the field, were different than those that did not. In the held B. tabaci was found dispersing more than 5 km. In these experiments whiteflies in a cantaloupe field were marked with fluorescent dust. Large portions of the marked population landed in close proximity to the field and another large group was trapped at 2.2 km. We hypothesized that this conformed to flight behavior observed in the laboratory, i.e., individuals captured near the field quickly responded to vegetative cues and landed, while others dispersed down range, initially ignoring these plant cues. This behavior was thought to be persistent. Additionally, flight in the field was not entirely wind-directed. Whiteflies were sometimes captured in areas away from prevailing winds. These are indicative of strong flight and migration. We found, however, that whiteflies did not possess all the characteristics commonly associated with stronger flyers. Whiteflies do not increase wingbeat frequency to compensate fbr high wing loading. Whiteflies do not possess an oogenesis-flight syndrome. In spite of these findings, whitefly flight cannot be characterized as weak. Whiteflies flew in a flight chamber against a strong airstream. They also dispersed in field experiments for a considerable distance. There is also information that whiteflies have a migratory form, in the manner of some strong flying insects. Whitefly flight seems to meet many criteria associated with migration in insects. As a final note, although most whitefly flight occurs over short distances, it is no less important biologically and cannot be ignored when developing pest management programs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.