Secondary Evolution of Aquatic Propulsion in Higher Vertebrates: Validation and Prospect
Secondary Evolution of Aquatic Propulsion in Higher Vertebrates: Validation and Prospect
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/icw123
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发表时间：
2016-12-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Fish, Frank E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fish, Frank E.
陆生脊椎动物对水生环境的再次入侵导致了物种进化，表达了一套适应高性能游泳的能力。对次级水生脊椎动物游泳的研究为了解潜在的选择压力和机械约束提供了机会，这可能指导了这些水生物种的进化。哺乳动物和鸟类分别从原始的四足动物结构中重新调整了身体和四肢，以进行移动和飞行。这种调整为水生专业化和游泳模式提供了多种解决方案。最初，在水生哺乳动物和鸟类的进化过程中，游泳是通过使用成对的附属物以一种低效率的、基于拖拽的划水模式来完成的。这种游泳模式源于与陆地和空中运动的步态特征相关的神经运动模式的改变。高级游泳模式的进化与水下游泳的浮力控制的变化以及对提高水中表现的需要是一致的。水生哺乳动物进化出了三种特殊的基于提升的游泳模式，包括尾鳍振荡、胸鳍振荡和骨盆振荡。在现代类似物的基础上，建立了一个生物力学模型来解释特化水生哺乳动物及其过渡形式的进化。随后，水生哺乳动物化石的描述证实了该模型的大部分内容。然而，对于适应空中飞行的鸟类来说，化石证据不足以解释它们向水生能力的转变。提出了一个鸟类的生物力学模型来描述专门的基于升力的脚和翅膀游泳的进化。对于鸟类和哺乳动物来说，形态学和推进力学的趋同是由在水生环境中增加速度、减少阻力、提高推力输出、提高效率和控制机动性的需要决定的。
Re-invasion of the aquatic environment by terrestrial vertebrates resulted in the evolution of species expressing a suite of adaptations for high-performance swimming. Examination of swimming by secondarily aquatic vertebrates provides opportunities to understand potential selection pressures and mechanical constraints, which may have directed the evolution of these aquatic species. Mammals and birds realigned the body and limbs for cursorial movements and flight, respectively, from the primitive tetrapod configuration. This realignment produced multiple solutions for aquatic specializations and swimming modes. Initially, in the evolution of aquatic mammals and birds, swimming was accomplished by using paired appendages in a low-efficiency, drag-based paddling mode. This mode of swimming arose from the modification of neuromotor patterns associated with gaits characteristic of terrestrial and aerial locomotion. The evolution of advanced swimming modes occurred in concert with changes in buoyancy control for submerged swimming, and a need for increased aquatic performance. Aquatic mammals evolved three specialized lift-based modes of swimming that included caudal oscillation, pectoral oscillation, and pelvic oscillation. Based on modern analogs, a biomechanical model was developed to explain the evolution of specialized aquatic mammals and their transitional forms. Subsequently, fossil aquatic mammals were described that validated much of the model. However, for birds, which were adapted for aerial flight, fossil evidence has been less forthcoming to explain the transition to aquatic capabilities. A biomechanical model is proposed for birds to describe the evolution of specialized lift-based foot and wing swimming. For both birds and mammals, convergence in morphology and propulsive mechanics is dictated by the need to increase speed, reduce drag, improve thrust output, enhance efficiency, and control maneuverability in the aquatic environment.