Potential Exposure of Pollinators to Neonicotinoid Insecticides from the Use of Insecticide Seed Treatments in the Mid-Southern United States
Potential Exposure of Pollinators to Neonicotinoid Insecticides from the Use of Insecticide Seed Treatments in the Mid-Southern United States
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DOI：
10.1021/es501657w
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发表时间：
2014-08-19
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Barber, Jonathan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Stewart, Scott D.;Lorenz, Gus M.;Barber, Jonathan
2012年期间进行了一项研究，以评估授粉者对用作玉米、棉花和大豆种子处理剂的类烟碱杀虫剂的潜在暴露。从种子处理的小块评估和从阿肯色州、密西西比和田纳西州农业生产区的商业田地收集样品。总共分析了560个样品中噻虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪及其代谢物的浓度。这些包括玉米和棉花的花粉，棉花的花蜜，大豆的花，蜜蜂，意大利蜜蜂，返回蜂巢的采集者携带的花粉、种植前和种植季节的土壤样本以及最近种植的田地附近的野花。新烟碱类杀虫剂在新种植地周围23%的野生花卉样品中检出水平在1 ng/g或以上，平均检出水平约为10 ng/g。我们在种植前的生产领域的土壤中检测到了烟碱类杀虫剂，平均浓度约为10 ng/g，超过80%的样品中存在某种杀虫剂。只有5%的觅食蜜蜂对类烟碱杀虫剂的存在检测呈阳性，这些蜜蜂携带的花粉中只有一种痕量检测（< 1 ng/g）。大豆花，棉花花粉，棉花花蜜含有很少或没有杀虫剂种子处理产生的类烟碱。玉米花粉中烟碱类杀虫剂的平均含量范围为1至6纳克/克。最高的类烟碱浓度被发现在早期开花期间从杀虫剂种子处理试验收集的土壤中。然而，这些水平通常与花、花粉或花蜜中的类烟碱浓度没有很好的相关性。开花结构中的浓度远低于被认为会导致蜜蜂急性死亡的规定关注水平。我们的研究结果的潜在影响进行了讨论。
Research was done during 2012 to evaluate the potential exposure of pollinators to neonicotinoid insecticides used as seed treatments on corn, cotton, and soybean. Samples were collected from small plot evaluations of seed treatments and from commercial fields in agricultural production areas in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee. In total, 560 samples were analyzed for concentrations of clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and their metabolites. These induded pollen from corn and cotton, nectar from cotton, flowers from soybean, honey bees, Apis mellifera L., and pollen carried by foragers returning to hives, preplanting and in-season soil samples, and wild flowers adjacent to recently planted fields. Neonicotinoid insecticides were detected at a level of 1 ng/g or above in 23% of wild flower samples around recently planted fields, with an average detection level of about 10 ng/g. We detected neonicotinoid insecticides in the soil of production fields prior to planting at an average concentration of about 10 ng/g, and over 80% of the samples having some insecticide present. Only 5% of foraging honey bees tested positive for the presence of neonicotinoid insecticides, and there was only one trace detection (< 1 ng/g) in pollen being carried by those bees. Soybean flowers, cotton pollen, and cotton nectar contained little or no neonicotinoids resulting from insecticide seed treatments. Average levels of neonicotinoid insecticides in corn pollen ranged from less than 1 to 6 ng/g. The highest neonicotinoid concentrations were found in soil collected during early flowering from insecticide seed treatment trials. However, these levels were generally not well correlated with neonicotinoid concentrations in flowers, pollen, or nectar. Concentrations in flowering structures were well below defined levels of concern thought to cause acute mortality in honey bees. The potential implications of our findings are discussed.