Psychometric evaluation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener GAD-7, based on a large German general population sample
Psychometric evaluation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener GAD-7, based on a large German general population sample
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.012
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发表时间：
2017-03-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Hilbert, Anja
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hinz, Andreas;Klein, Annette M.;Hilbert, Anja
背景：广泛性焦虑障碍量表GAD-7和GAD-2是用于评估焦虑的工具。本研究的目的是测试这些问卷的心理测量学特性，提供标准值，并调查与社会人口学因素、生活质量、心理变量和行为因素的关系。方法：使用GAD-7和其他几种问卷对德国社区样本(n=9721)进行调查。结果：验证性因素分析证实了GAD-7在年龄和性别上的单维度和测量不变性。女性比男性更焦虑(平均得分：M=4.07比M=3.01；效应量：D=0.33)。没有线性的年龄趋势。共有5.9%的人达到了10分或以上的截止点标准。焦虑与低生活质量、疲乏、习惯性乐观、躯体不适、睡眠问题、生活满意度低、社会支持低、教育程度低、失业、低收入有关。吸烟和饮酒也与高度焦虑有关，尤其是在女性中。比较GAD-7(7项)和超短版GAD-2(2项)，GAD-7在多项心理测量指标上优于GAD-2。局限性：应答率(33%)较低。由于研究的横截面特征，不能得出因果结论。进一步的限制是缺乏诊断焦虑的金标准。结论：GAD-7可推荐用于临床研究和常规使用。
Background: The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scales GAD-7 and GAD-2 are instruments for the assessment of anxiety. The aims of this study are to test psychometric properties of these questionnaires, to provide normative values, and to investigate associations with sociodemographic factors, quality of life, psychological variables, and behavioral factors.Methods: A German community sample (n=9721) with an age range of 18-80 years was surveyed using the GAD-7 and several other questionnaires.Results: Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the unidimensionality and measurement invariance of the GAD-7 across age and gender. Females were more anxious than males (mean scores: M=4.07 vs. M=3.01; effect size: d=0.33). There was no linear age trend. A total of 5.9% fulfilled the cut-off criterion of 10 and above. Anxiety was correlated with low quality of life, fatigue, low habitual optimism, physical complaints, sleep problems, low life satisfaction, low social support, low education, unemployment, and low income. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were also associated with heightened anxiety, especially in women. When comparing the GAD-7 (7 items) with the ultra-short GAD-2 (2 items), the GAD-7 instrument was superior to the GAD-2 regarding several psychometric criteria.Limitations: The response rate (33%) was low. Because of the cross-sectional character of the study, causal conclusions cannot be drawn. A further limitation is the lack of a gold standard for diagnosing anxiety.Conclusions: The GAD-7 can be recommended for use in clinical research and routine.