Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers
Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers
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DOI：
10.1007/s11292-017-9311-5
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发表时间：
2018-03-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Henderson, Ryan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ariel, Barak;Sutherland, Alex;Henderson, Ryan
近年来，学者们运用自我意识理论解释了为什么随身携带的摄像机（BWC）会影响公众与警察之间的接触，其最直接的表现是减少了警察使用武力和对警察的投诉。在这项研究中，我们报告了BWC在攻击官员的背景下的矛盾效应。一项在10个部门进行的多地点随机对照试验，根据随机分配的班次，官员佩戴（或不佩戴）BWC。比值比用于估计治疗对攻击的影响，沿着“一项研究删除”的敏感性分析。进一步的亚组分析进行了不同程度的官员的自由裁量权，以提高这一多地点实验的实际应用。最后，本文还对3637个治疗班次中每1000例患者中发生的394例攻击事件进行了统计分析，包括Bootstrapping法和蒙特-卡罗模拟法（M = 39.35，SD = 17.89）相比，284攻击每1000年逮捕期间3697控制班次（M = 28.38; SD = 15.99），这意味着37%的攻击比控制条件下的治疗班次。10个观测点中有8个观测点的逆方向和相对大小一致。回火处理效果在低自由裁量权位点中基本上更明显，即，其中军官强烈遵循实验方案（OR = 2.565; 95%CI 1.792，3.672）。与此同时，前后分析表明，袭击事件总体上减少了61%，在参与的警察部门，从而表明矛盾的效果。我们解释这些发现使用自我意识理论。一旦意识到他们的表现受到生物武器公约的观察，官员就有受到攻击的危险。结果表明，在某些情况下，自我意识可能导致过度的自我检查，剥夺权力持有者在极端情况下发挥作用的能力。这一机制可能具有“过度威慑”的功能。该研究进一步证明了将心理社会理论应用于更广泛的社会控制和威慑理论研究的好处，具有强大且可证伪的机制，可以解释被观察刺激适当或不正当后果的条件。
Recently, scholars have applied self-awareness theory to explain why body-worn cameras (BWCs) affect encounters between the public and police, with its most immediate manifestation being a reduction in the use of force by and complaints against police. In this study, we report on the paradoxical effects of BWCs in the context of assaults on officers.A multisite randomized controlled trial in ten departments, with officers wearing (or not wearing) BWCs based on random assignment of shifts. Odds ratios are used to estimate the treatment effect on assaults, along with "one study removed" sensitivity analyses. Further subgroup analyses are performed in terms of varying degrees of officers' discretion, to enhance the practical applications of this multisite experiment. Finally, before-analyses are applied as well, including Bootstrapping and Monte-Carlo simulations to further validate the results under stricter statistical conditions, to illustrate the overall effects.A total of 394 assaults per 1000 arrests occurred during 3637 treatment shifts (M = 39.35, SD = 17.89) compared with 284 assaults per 1000 arrests during 3697 control shifts (M = 28.38; SD = 15.99), which translate into 37% higher odds of assault in treatment shifts than in control conditions. The perverse direction and relative magnitude in each experimental site in eight out of ten sites were consistent. The backfiring treatment effect was substantially more pronounced in low discretion sites, i.e., where officers strongly followed the experimental protocol (OR = 2.565; 95% CI 1.792, 3.672). At the same time, before-after analyses show that assaults were overall reduced by 61% in the participating police departments, thus suggesting paradoxical effects.We explain these findings using self-awareness theory. Once self-aware that their performance is being observed by BWCs, officers become at risk of being assaulted. Results suggest that under some circumstances, self-awareness can lead to excessive self-inspection that strips power-holders of their ability to function under extreme situations. This mechanism is potentially a function of "over-deterrence". The study further demonstrates the benefits of applying psychosocial theories to the study of social control and deterrence theories more broadly, with a robust and falsifiable mechanism that explains the conditions under which being observed stimulates either appropriate or perverse consequences.