Modular and hierarchical organization of extrastriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey.
Modular and hierarchical organization of extrastriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey.
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DOI：
10.1101/sqb.1990.055.01.064
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. C. Essen;D. Felleman;E. DeYoe;J. Olavarria;J. Knierim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. C. Essen;D. Felleman;E. DeYoe;J. Olavarria;J. Knierim
方法在猕猴（Macaca fasciculis）上进行了解剖学和生理学实验，使用的程序已在之前的几份报告中描述（Maunsell 和 Van Essen 1983a, b；Van Essen 等人 1986；Felleman 和 Van Essen 1987；DeYoe 等人 1990）。手术过程在戊巴比妥或喷托妥麻醉下进行。通过改良的汉密尔顿注射器进行示踪剂双苯甲亚胺、核黄、二脒黄、辣根过氧化物酶和[3H]-脯氨酸的解剖注射。电生理记录是用一氧化二氮 (75%) 麻醉并通过连续静脉输注 Flaxedil 使其麻痹的动物进行的。通过连续监测心电图和常规测试心电图是否对有害刺激做出反应来评估麻醉的充分性。视觉刺激由光学投影系统产生，感受野手动绘制在切线屏幕上。实验结束时，给动物服用过量的戊巴比妥，并用甲醛和/或戊二醛固定剂灌注，其浓度适合给定实验中使用的特定组织学程序。在一些实验中，根据 Olavarria 和 Van Sluyters (1985) 的程序，将大片皮质区域展开并压平，然后沿皮质表面切线切开。在其他实验中，大脑在水平面、矢状面或斜面被阻挡和切割。在大多数实验中，一系列切片在没有盖玻片的情况下进行荧光标记评分，并且对中间切片进行各种组织学程序处理，包括细胞色素氧化酶（CO）组织化学和Cat-301免疫细胞化学。使用计算机化神经解剖系统记录和分析解剖数据。在具有电动载物台的 Leitz 显微镜下检查组织学切片，该电动载物台通过电子接口（斯塔尔仪器）与 IBM PC-XT 连接。使用定制软件输入标记神经元的位置和识别特征、切片轮廓和各种基准标记。使用笔式绘图仪立即获得数据的硬拷贝，将细胞的位置打印到原始切片的放大照片上。以这种方式表示的数据被手动转移到二维皮质图（Van Essen 和 Zeki 1978；Van Essen 和 Maunsell 1980）。 PC-XT 中包含的数据还可以传输到 IRIS 图形工作站，以便使用定制软件进行二维和三维关系的后续分析。这对于 V2 中已展平并切向剖切的部分中包含的数据特别有用。
METHODSAnatomical and physiological experiments were carried out on macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), using procedures that are described in several previous reports (Maunsell and Van Essen 1983a, b; Van Essen et al. 1986; Felleman and Van Essen 1987; DeYoe et al. 1990). Surgical procedures were carried out under Nembutal or Pentothal anesthesia. Anatomical injections of the tracers bisbenzimide, nuclear yellow, diamidino yellow, horseradish peroxidase, and [3H]-proline were made through a modified Hamilton syringe. Electrophysiological recordings were made from animals anesthetized with nitrous oxide (75%) and paralyzed with a continuous intravenous infusion of Flaxedil. The adequacy of anesthesia was assessed by continuous monitoring of the EKG and routine testing for an absence of an EKG response to noxious stimuli. Visual stimuli were generated by an optical projection system, and receptive fields were plotted manually on a tangent screen. At the end of the experiment, the animal was given an overdose of Nembutal and perfused with formaldehyde and/or glutaraldehyde fixa-tive in concentrations that were appropriate for the particular histological procedures to be used in a given experiment. In some experiments, large regions of cortex were unfolded and flattened according to the procedure of Olavarria and Van Sluyters (1985) and then sectioned tangential to the cortical surface. In other experiments, the brain was blocked and cut in the horizontal, sagittal, or oblique plane. In most experiments, one series of sections was mounted without coverslipping for scoring of fluorescence labeling, and intervening sections were processed for various histological procedures, including cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry and Cat-301 immunocytochemistry.Anatomical data were recorded and analyzed using a computerized neuroanatomy system. Histological sections were examined under a Leitz microscope having a motorized stage that was coupled to an IBM PC-XT by an electronic interface (Stahl Instruments). The locations and identifying characteristics of labeled neurons, section outlines, and various fiducial marks were entered using customized software. An immediate hard copy of the data was obtained with a pen plotter that printed the locations of cells onto an enlarged photograph of the original section. Data represented in this fashion were transferred manually to two-dimensional cortical maps (Van Essen and Zeki 1978; Van Essen and Maunsell 1980). The data contained in the PC-XT could also be transported to an IRIS graphics workstation for subsequent analysis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional relationships using customized software. This was particularly useful for data contained in sections of V2 that had been flattened and sectioned tangentially.