Between domestication and civilization: the role of agriculture and arboriculture in the emergence of the first urban societies
Between domestication and civilization: the role of agriculture and arboriculture in the emergence of the first urban societies
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DOI：
10.1007/s00334-019-00727-4
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发表时间：
2019-05-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Stevens, Chris J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fuller, Dorian Q.;Stevens, Chris J.
长期以来，向城市化的过渡一直集中在一年生主食作物（谷物和豆类）上，这可能是以理解最初驯化期结束和城市化之间发生的农业实践中的其他变化为代价的。本文探讨了果树作物在西亚和中国城市化中的驯化和作用，结合形态变化的证据和数据库，记录了最早出现的果树作物及其在野生范围之外的传播。在西亚，多年生水果作物的驯化可能发生在公元前6500年至公元前3500年之间，尽管它伴随着地点的转移，从最早驯化的新月沃地转移到最早城市社会出现的美索不达米亚。在中国，果树的驯化可以追溯到公元前4000年到公元前2500年之间，分别开始于北方和南方的小米驯化和水稻驯化之后，但这一时期导致了以黄河流域的龙山时期和长江下游的良渚文化为特征的城市社会。这些结果将主要果树的驯化置于主要一年生作物驯化结束和城市化兴起之间。在此基础上，有人认为，树木栽培在现有土地利用的重组中发挥了根本性的作用，将重点从谷物作物的短期回报转移到对西亚和东亚农业景观发展的长期投资上。在这方面，多年生树木作物可以与冶金和纺织等工艺专业化放在一起，形成城市中心，并形成伴随城市化兴起的组织管理。
The transition to urbanism has long focused on annual staple crops (cereals and legumes), perhaps at the expense of understanding other changes within agricultural practices that occurred between the end of the initial domestication period and urbanisation. This paper examines the domestication and role of fruit tree crops within urbanisation in both Western Asia and China, using a combination of evidence for morphological change and a database that documents both the earliest occurrence of tree fruit crops and their spread beyond their wild range. In Western Asia the domestication of perennial fruit crops likely occurs between 6500bc and 3500bc, although it accompanies a shift in location from that of the earliest domestications within the Fertile Crescent to Mesopotamia, where the earliest urban societies arose. For China, fruit-tree domestication dates between ca 4000 and 2500bc, commencing after millet domestication and rice domestication in Northern and Southern China, respectively, but within the period that led up to the urban societies that characterised the Longshan period in the Yellow River basin and the Liangzhu Culture in the Lower Yangtze. These results place the domestication of major fruit trees between the end of the domestication of staple annual crops and the rise of urbanism. On this basis it is argued that arboriculture played a fundamental role within the re-organisation of existing land use, shifting the emphasis from short-term returns of cereal crops into longer term investment in the developing agricultural landscape in both Western and East Asia. In this respect perennial tree crops can be placed alongside craft specialisation, such as metallurgy and textiles, in the formation of urban centres and the shaping the organisational administration that accompanied the rise of urbanism.