Exosomes
Exosomes
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-59745-398-1_7
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Lambrecht, Bart N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hegmans, Joost P. J. J.;Gerber, Peter J.;Lambrecht, Bart N.
外泌体是由多种细胞类型通过胞吐作用释放到细胞外区室中的小的天然膜囊泡。外泌体的生物学功能只是慢慢地揭开，但很明显，它们用于去除不必要的细胞蛋白（例如，在网织红细胞成熟过程中），并作为细胞间信使，因为它们容易与相邻细胞的膜融合，将膜和细胞质蛋白从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞。最近的研究结果表明，细胞源性囊泡（外泌体也称为膜囊泡或微囊泡）也可以诱导免疫耐受、抑制自然杀伤细胞功能、T细胞凋亡或转移。例如，通过分泌外泌体，肿瘤可能能够实现那些抗原的损失，所述抗原可能是免疫原性的并且能够向免疫细胞发出信号以及诱导免疫效应细胞的功能障碍或死亡。另一方面，树突状细胞衍生的外泌体具有成为一种有吸引力的强大免疫工具的潜力，其将树突状细胞的抗肿瘤活性与无细胞载体的优点相结合。虽然对外来体的意义的充分理解需要更多的研究，但这些膜囊泡可能成为协调细胞之间反应的新的重要组成部分。
Exosomes are small natural membrane vesicles released by a wide variety of cell types into the extracellular compartment by exocytosis. The biological functions of exosomes are only slowly unveiled, but it is clear that they serve to remove unnecessary Cellular proteins (e.g., during reticulocyte maturation) and act as intercellular messengers because they fuse easily with the membranes of neighboring cells, delivering membrane and cytoplasmic proteins from one cell to another. Recent findings suggests that cell-derived vesicles (exosomes are also named membranous vesicles or microvesicles) could also induce immune tolerance, suppression of natural killer cell function, T cell apoptosis, or metastasis. For example, by secreting exosomes, tumors may be able to accomplish the loss of those antigens that may be immunogenic and capable of signaling to immune cells as well as inducing dysfunction or death of immune effector cells. On the other hand, dendritic cell-derived exosomes have the potential to be an attractive powerful immunotherapeutic tool combining the antitumor activity of dendritic cells with the advantages of a cell-free vehicle. Although the full understanding of the significance of exosomes requires additional studies, these membrane vesicles could become a new important component in orchestrating responses between cells.