Epigenetics in preimplantation mammalian development.
Epigenetics in preimplantation mammalian development.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.020
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发表时间：
2016-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Ross PJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Canovas S;Ross PJ
受精是一个非常动态的时期，全面的染色质重塑，从两个专门的细胞导致一个全能合子。全能细胞的形成需要广泛的表观遗传重塑，虽然独立于DNA序列的修饰，但仍然需要深刻的细胞命运变化，由转录谱修饰支持。由于许多机制之间的微调相互作用，受精的目标是形成一个完全健康的新个体。为了避免表观遗传标记的改变持续存在，每个配子中包含的表观遗传信息在早期胚胎发生期间被重置。甲基化对DNA的共价修饰以及组蛋白和非编码RNA的翻译后修饰似乎是控制基因表达的主要表观遗传机制。这允许生物体中的不同细胞表达不同的转录谱，尽管每个细胞含有相同的DNA序列。在用来自卵母细胞的组蛋白替换精子鱼精蛋白、活跃的细胞分裂和不同谱系的特化的背景下，表观遗传重构的主动和被动机制已被揭示为编辑早期胚胎的表观遗传概况的关键。重要的是，冗余的因素和机制可能已经到位，并且只有少数被报道为通过使用敲除模型对受精或胚胎存活至关重要。本文综述了哺乳动物受精后表观遗传重构的主要机制。
Fertilization is a very dynamic period of comprehensive chromatin remodelling, from which two specialized cells result in a totipotent zygote. The formation of a totipotent cell requires extensive epigenetic remodeling that, while independent of modifications in the DNA sequence, still entails a profound cell fate change, supported by transcriptional profile modifications. As a result of finely-tuned interactions between numerous mechanisms, the goal of fertilization is to form a full healthy new individual. To avoid the persistence of alterations in epigenetic marks, the epigenetic information contained in each gamete is reset during early embryogenesis. Covalent modification of DNA by methylation, as well as post-translational modifications of histone proteins and non-coding RNAs, appear to be the main epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression. These allow different cells in an organism to express different transcription profiles, despite each cell containing the same DNA sequence. In the context of replacement of spermatic protamine with histones from the oocyte, active cell division, and specification of different lineages, active and passive mechanisms of epigenetic remodeling have been revealed as critical for editing the epigenetic profile of the early embryo. Importantly, redundant factors and mechanisms are likely in place, and only a few have been reported as critical for fertilization or embryo survival by the use of knockout models. The aim of this review is to highlight the main mechanisms of epigenetic remodeling that ensue after fertilization in mammals.