Review and Extension of CO₂-Based Methods to Determine Ventilation Rates with Application to School Classrooms.
Review and Extension of CO₂-Based Methods to Determine Ventilation Rates with Application to School Classrooms.
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DOI：
10.3390/ijerph14020145
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发表时间：
2017-02-04
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Batterman S
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文献类型：
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作者：
Batterman S
通风量是影响室内环境质量和建筑能耗的关键参数。本文综述了二氧化碳作为“天然”示踪气体用于估算vr的使用，重点介绍了在学校教室中的应用。它为稳态、累积、衰减和瞬态质量平衡方法提供了细节和指导。对积累方法的扩展和对运动后恢复期的分析可以增加二氧化碳的产生率。在四个机械通风的学校建筑中进行的测量展示了这些方法，并突出了影响其适用性的问题。上学期间的vr低于建议的最低水平，傍晚和清晨的vr约为0.1 h - 1，这反映了通风系统的关闭。考虑到在教室中观察到的低空气变化率和动态占用模式，瞬态质量平衡法是最灵活和最有利的方法。虽然对累积法的扩展提高了稳定性和一致性，但该方法和稳态法的准确性可能受到限制。由于供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统关闭，基于衰减的方法无法反映上学期间的VR。由于教室的占用人数在一天中不断变化，因此以每人为基础表示的VR（例如，L·s−1·人−1）取决于占用度量。如果可以获得占用测量值，那么瞬态质量平衡方法可能会在基于二氧化碳的方法中提供最一致和准确的结果。改进的虚拟现实测量可以使许多应用受益，包括研究通风与健康之间的联系。
The ventilation rate (VR) is a key parameter affecting indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and the energy consumption of buildings. This paper reviews the use of CO2 as a “natural” tracer gas for estimating VRs, focusing on applications in school classrooms. It provides details and guidance for the steady-state, build-up, decay and transient mass balance methods. An extension to the build-up method and an analysis of the post-exercise recovery period that can increase CO2 generation rates are presented. Measurements in four mechanically-ventilated school buildings demonstrate the methods and highlight issues affecting their applicability. VRs during the school day fell below recommended minimum levels, and VRs during evening and early morning were on the order of 0.1 h−1, reflecting shutdown of the ventilation systems. The transient mass balance method was the most flexible and advantageous method given the low air change rates and dynamic occupancy patterns observed in the classrooms. While the extension to the build-up method improved stability and consistency, the accuracy of this and the steady-state method may be limited. Decay-based methods did not reflect the VR during the school day due to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system shutdown. Since the number of occupants in classrooms changes over the day, the VR expressed on a per person basis (e.g., L·s−1·person−1) depends on the occupancy metric. If occupancy measurements can be obtained, then the transient mass balance method likely will provide the most consistent and accurate results among the CO2-based methods. Improved VR measurements can benefit many applications, including research examining the linkage between ventilation and health.