THE ALGEBRA OF MICROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT
THE ALGEBRA OF MICROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.45.10.1542
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发表时间：
1959-01-01
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
SCHWINGER, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
SCHWINGER, J
经典的测量理论隐含地基于感兴趣的系统和测量装置之间的相互作用的概念，该相互作用可以被任意地减小，或者至少被精确地补偿，使得人们可以有意义地谈论不干扰系统的特性的理想化测量。用数字表示物理量的经典方法是用这种无干扰的测量结果来确定所有的性质。然而，原子现象的特征是，系统和仪器之间的相互作用不能被无限地削弱。相互作用产生的干扰也不能被补偿，因为它只能在统计上预测。因此，对一种性质的测量可能会使先前赋予另一种性质的值发生无法控制的变化，因此将数值赋予微观系统的所有属性是毫无意义的。适用于原子领域的数学语言可以在微观测量定律的符号表述中找到。这些基本概念是在理想化的物理系统的背景下最简单地发展起来的，这些系统是这样的，任何物理量A假定只有有限个不同的值，a '，......。a”。在最基本的测量类型中，
The classical theory of measurement is implicitly based upon the concept of an interaction between the system of interest and the measurement apparatus that can be made arbitrarily small, or at least precisely compensated, so that one can speak meaningfully of an idealized measurement that disturbs no property of the system. The classical representation of physical quantities by numbers is the identification of all properties with the results of such nondisturbing measurements. It is characteristic of atomic phenomena, however, that the interaction between system and instrument cannot be indefinitely weakened. Nor can the disturbance produced by the interaction be compensated since it is only statistically predictable. Accordingly, a measurement of one property can produce uncontrollable changes in the value previously assigned to another property, and it is without meaning to ascribe numerical values to all the attributes of a microscopic system. The mathematical language that is appropriate to the atomic domain is found in the symbolic trans-cription of the laws of microscopic measurement. The basic concepts are developed most simply in the context of idealized physical systems which are such that any physical quantity A assumes only a finite number of distinct values, a',... a". In the most elementary type of measurement, an