Evaluation of Surface Fluxes in the WRF Model: Case Study for Farmland in Rolling Terrain
Evaluation of Surface Fluxes in the WRF Model: Case Study for Farmland in Rolling Terrain
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DOI：
10.3390/atmos8100197
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发表时间：
2017-10
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Xia Sun;H. Holmes;O. Osibanjo;Yun Sun;C. Ivey
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文献类型：
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作者：
Xia Sun;H. Holmes;O. Osibanjo;Yun Sun;C. Ivey
在数值天气预报模式中，有效能量向地表感热和潜热通量的分配影响着近地表温湿度的模拟精度。本文利用美国俄勒冈州地面通量塔的现场观测数据，对天气研究和预报(WRF)模型在模拟地表热通量方面的性能进行了评估。进一步研究了WRF模拟的热通量对北美中尺度(NAM)和北美区域再分析(NIR)大尺度输入强迫数据集、美国地质调查局(USGS)和中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)土地利用数据集、Pleim-xiu(PX)和Noah陆地表面模式(LSM)、延世大学(YSU)和Mellor-Yamada-Janjic(MYJ)行星边界层(PBL)方案的敏感性，以及使用PX LSM的非对称对流模式第2版(ACM2)PBL方案。与NARR相比，NAM对2m温度、2m湿度和10m风速的模拟误差平均减小。模拟的摩擦速度平均具有正偏差，YSU PBL方案在最内层区域(0.5公里水平网格分辨率)产生了最大的高估。模拟的地表感热通量与观测值具有相似的时间行为，但幅度较大。与Noah LSM相比，PX LSM产生的感热通量更低、更可靠。然而，当使用强迫资料时，诺亚潜热通量得到了改善，与PX相比，RMSE更低。总体而言，这些结果表明，对于所有模拟变量(地面热通量和气象变量)和情况(白天和夜晚)，没有一种WRF配置执行得最好。
The partitioning of available energy into surface sensible and latent heat fluxes impacts the accuracy of simulated near surface temperature and humidity in numerical weather prediction models. This case study evaluates the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model on the simulation of surface heat fluxes using field observations collected from a surface flux tower in Oregon, USA. Further, WRF-modeled heat flux sensitivities to North American Mesoscale (NAM) and North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) large-scale input forcing datasets; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land use datasets; Pleim-Xiu (PX) and Noah land surface models (LSM); Yonsei University (YSU) and Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes using the Noah LSM; and Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2) PBL scheme using PX LSM are investigated. The errors for simulating 2-m temperature, 2-m humidity, and 10-m wind speed were reduced on average when using NAM compared with NARR. Simulated friction velocity had a positive bias on average, with the YSU PBL scheme producing the largest overestimation in the innermost domain (0.5 km horizontal grid resolution). The simulated surface sensible heat flux had a similar temporal behavior as the observations but with a larger magnitude. The PX LSM produced lower and more reliable sensible heat fluxes compared with the Noah LSM. However, Noah latent heat fluxes were improved with a lower RMSE compared to PX, when NARR forcing data was used. Overall, these results suggest that there is not one WRF configuration that performs best for all the simulated variables (surface heat fluxes and meteorological variables) and situations (day and night).