Using Ecological Production Functions to Link Ecological Processes to Ecosystem Services
Using Ecological Production Functions to Link Ecological Processes to Ecosystem Services
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DOI：
10.1002/ieam.1842
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Schaefer, Ralf B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bruins, Randall J. F.;Canfield, Timothy J.;Schaefer, Ralf B.
生态生产函数（EPFs）将生态系统、压力源和管理行为与生态系统服务（ES）生产联系起来。虽然公认紧急方案基金对改善环境管理是必不可少的，但它们在生态风险评估中的使用却受到相对较少的注意。生态生产函数可以定义为生态系统产生生态系统的过程的可用表达式（即模型），通常包括对这些过程的外部影响。我们确定了epf的关键属性，并讨论了使用epf为决策提供信息的实际和理想示例。只要有可能，EPFs应该估计最终的ES，而不是中间的ES。虽然已经开发了各种类型的EPFs，但我们认为，如果EPFs量化ES结果，响应生态系统条件，响应压力源水平或管理方案，反映生态复杂性，依赖于广泛覆盖的数据，以前表现良好，实际使用，并且开放和透明，则EPFs对决策更有用。在一个使用杀虫剂的例子中，我们说明了具有这些属性的epf如何能够将ES纳入生态风险评估。纳入生态系统的最大挑战是有限的数据集，这些数据集很容易用于epf建模，而且对生态组成部分与最终实现生态系统的过程之间的联系的理解普遍不足。最后，我们主张将增加生态复杂性和更大的能力纳入EPFs，以代表生态系统之间的权衡。综合环境评估管理2017；13: 52 - 61。(c) 2016年setac。
Ecological production functions (EPFs) link ecosystems, stressors, and management actions to ecosystem services (ES) production. Although EPFs are acknowledged as being essential to improve environmental management, their use in ecological risk assessment has received relatively little attention. Ecological production functions may be defined as usable expressions (i. e., models) of the processes by which ecosystems produce ES, often including external influences on those processes. We identify key attributes of EPFs and discuss both actual and idealized examples of their use to inform decision making. Whenever possible, EPFs should estimate final, rather than intermediate, ES. Although various types of EPFs have been developed, we suggest that EPFs are more useful for decision making if they quantify ES outcomes, respond to ecosystem condition, respond to stressor levels or management scenarios, reflect ecological complexity, rely on data with broad coverage, have performed well previously, are practical to use, and are open and transparent. In an example using pesticides, we illustrate how EPFs with these attributes could enable the inclusion of ES in ecological risk assessment. The biggest challenges to ES inclusion are limited data sets that are easily adapted for use in modeling EPFs and generally poor understanding of linkages among ecological components and the processes that ultimately deliver the ES. We conclude by advocating for the incorporation into EPFs of added ecological complexity and greater ability to represent the trade-offs among ES. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017; 13: 52-61. (C) 2016 SETAC.