Cognitive processes involved in smooth pursuit eye movements: behavioral evidence, neural substrate and clinical correlation.
Cognitive processes involved in smooth pursuit eye movements: behavioral evidence, neural substrate and clinical correlation.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnsys.2013.00004
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Barnes GR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fukushima K;Fukushima J;Warabi T;Barnes GR
平稳的眼球运动使灵长类动物能够跟踪移动的物体。有效的追踪需要适当的目标选择和对固有处理延迟的预测补偿。预测取决于未来的对象运动的预期，运动信息的存储和使用视网膜外的机制，除了视觉反馈。我们目前的行为证据的认知过程是如何参与预测追求在正常人，然后描述神经元反应的猴子和患者的行为反应，使用一种新的技术来测试这些认知控制。这项新技术通过在猕猴中使用基于记忆的任务来检查工作记忆和运动准备的神经基质，该猕猴根据去/不去线索在基于先前呈现的视觉运动显示的记忆的方向上被训练为追求（去）或不追求（不去）。在内侧上级颞叶皮层（MST），辅助眼区（SEF），尾侧额叶眼区（FEF），小脑背蚓部小叶VI-VII，尾侧顶核（cFN），和絮状区检查单单位任务相关的神经元活动。反映视觉运动方向和go/no-go选择的工作记忆的神经元活动主要在SEF，小脑背蚓部和cFN中发现，而运动准备相关信号主要在尾侧FEF和相同的小脑区域中发现。化学灭活产生的效果与每个区域中代表的信号差异一致。当应用于帕金森病（PD）患者时，该任务显示运动准备不足，但工作记忆没有。相比之下，额叶皮质或小脑功能障碍的患者错误率较高，表明工作记忆受损。我们展示了如何神经元活动可以解释的视网膜和视网膜外的相互作用模型的目标选择和预测控制，从而帮助了解潜在的病理生理。
Smooth-pursuit eye movements allow primates to track moving objects. Efficient pursuit requires appropriate target selection and predictive compensation for inherent processing delays. Prediction depends on expectation of future object motion, storage of motion information and use of extra-retinal mechanisms in addition to visual feedback. We present behavioral evidence of how cognitive processes are involved in predictive pursuit in normal humans and then describe neuronal responses in monkeys and behavioral responses in patients using a new technique to test these cognitive controls. The new technique examines the neural substrate of working memory and movement preparation for predictive pursuit by using a memory-based task in macaque monkeys trained to pursue (go) or not pursue (no-go) according to a go/no-go cue, in a direction based on memory of a previously presented visual motion display. Single-unit task-related neuronal activity was examined in medial superior temporal cortex (MST), supplementary eye fields (SEF), caudal frontal eye fields (FEF), cerebellar dorsal vermis lobules VI–VII, caudal fastigial nuclei (cFN), and floccular region. Neuronal activity reflecting working memory of visual motion direction and go/no-go selection was found predominantly in SEF, cerebellar dorsal vermis and cFN, whereas movement preparation related signals were found predominantly in caudal FEF and the same cerebellar areas. Chemical inactivation produced effects consistent with differences in signals represented in each area. When applied to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), the task revealed deficits in movement preparation but not working memory. In contrast, patients with frontal cortical or cerebellar dysfunction had high error rates, suggesting impaired working memory. We show how neuronal activity may be explained by models of retinal and extra-retinal interaction in target selection and predictive control and thus aid understanding of underlying pathophysiology.