Phylogentic constraints, adaptive syndromes, and emergent properties: From individuals to population dynamics
Phylogentic constraints, adaptive syndromes, and emergent properties: From individuals to population dynamics
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系统发育限制、适应性综合征和突现特性：从个体到种群动态
DOI：
10.1007/bf02515079
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P. Price
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Price
发展的假设是，有因果关系的进化昆虫草食动物的生活史和行为，从系统发育的限制，适应综合征，涉及生态相互作用和人口动态的新兴属性。系统发育限制是指一个物种和一组物种在进化史上的古老特征，它限制了物种的生活史模式和行为的进化范围。例如，叶蜂通常仅限于在植物的软组织中产卵，而植物生长迅速。适应性Syndrome是对系统发育限制的进化反应，最大限度地减少限制并最大限度地提高幼虫性能。这种综合征通常涉及雌性产卵行为的细节，以及个体如何选择相对于植物质量变化的产卵地点，以最大限度地提高幼虫的存活率。共育还涉及幼虫对雌性产卵选择的适应。进化生物学涉及系统发育约束和适应综合征，通常预先确定一个物种的生态相互作用及其种群动态。因此，这些生态相互作用被称为涌现属性，因为它们是形态、行为和生理进化的自然结果。它们通常强烈影响寄主植物、植食性昆虫和食肉性昆虫之间的三个营养级相互作用，以及食物网中自下而上和自上而下影响的相对力量。这些论点支持使用这样的例子，如恼人的叶蜂和其他画廊，拍摄钻孔蛾和甲虫，幼虫，和森林Macrolepidoptera。爆发或爆发的物种和罕见和罕见的物种与潜在的人口动态之间的对比被强调。
The hypothesis is developed that there are causal linkages in evolved insect herbivore life histories and behaviors from phylogenetic constraints to adaptive syndromes to the emergent properties involving ecological interactions and population dynamics. Thus the argument is developed that the evolutionary biology of a species predetermines its current ecology.Phylogenetic Constraints refer to old characters in the phylogeny of a species and a group of species which set limits on the range of life history patterns and behaviors that can evolve. For example, a sawfly is commonly limited to oviposition in soft plant tissue, while plants are growing rapidly.Adaptive Syndromes are evolutionary responses to the phylogenetic constraints that minimize the limitations and maximize larval performance. Such syndromes commonly involve details of female ovipositional behavior and how individuals make choices for oviposition sites relative to plant quality variation which maximize larval survival. Syndromes also involve larval adaptations to the kinds of choices females make in oviposition. The evolutionary biology involved with phylogenetic constraints and adaptive syndromes commonly predetermines the ecological interactions of a species and its population dynamics. Therefore, these ecological interactions are calledEmergent Properties because they are natural consequences of evolved morphology, behavior, and physiology. They commonly strongly influence the three-trophic-level interactions among host plants, insect herbivores, and carnivores, and the relative forces of bottom-up and top-down influences in food webs. The arguments are supported using such examples as galling sawflies and other gallers, shoot-boring moths and beetles, budworms, and forest Macrolepidoptera. The contrasts between outbreak or eruptive species and uncommon and rare species with latent population dynamics are emphasized.