Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States
Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.001
复制
发表时间：
2015-07
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
N. Onat;M. Kucukvar;O. Tatari
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Onat;M. Kucukvar;O. Tatari
电动汽车（EV）、插电式混合动力电动汽车（PHEV）和混合动力电动汽车（HEV）通常被认为是与内燃机汽车相比在温室气体排放和能源消耗方面更好的选择。然而，由于时间和空间的变化，例如所使用的电力来源和区域驾驶模式，在这些车辆选项中做出任何决定都不是一个简单的过程。在这项研究中，我们比较了50个州的这些车辆选择，考虑了州特定的平均和边际发电组合，区域驾驶模式以及车辆和电池制造的影响。此外，政策方案提出广泛使用太阳能充电电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车进行评估。根据平均发电组合方案，电动汽车在24个州被认为是碳密集度最低的汽车选择，而混合动力汽车在45个州被认为是最节能的选择。在边际发电组合情景中，鉴于现有和不久的将来边际发电组合，广泛采用电动汽车被认为是一种不明智的策略。另一方面，如果产生1 kW h电力所需的能量低于1.25 kW h，则电动汽车在能耗方面上级其他替代品。
Electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are often considered as better options in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption compared to internal combustion vehicles. However, making any decision among these vehicle options is not a straightforward process due to temporal and spatial variations, such as the sources of the electricity used and regional driving patterns. In this study, we compared these vehicle options across 50 states, taking into account state-specific average and marginal electricity generation mixes, regional driving patterns, and vehicle and battery manufacturing impacts. Furthermore, a policy scenario proposing the widespread use of solar energy to charge EVs and PHEVs is evaluated. Based on the average electricity generation mix scenario, EVs are found to be least carbon-intensive vehicle option in 24 states, while HEVs are found to be the most energy-efficient option in 45 states. In the marginal electricity mix scenario, widespread adoption of EVs is found to be an unwise strategy given the existing and near-future marginal electricity generation mix. On the other hand, EVs can be superior to other alternatives in terms of energy-consumption, if the required energy to generate 1 kW h of electricity is below 1.25 kW h.