Semiochemicals Mediating Defense, Intraspecific Competition, and Mate Finding in Leptopilina ryukyuensis and L. japonica (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Parasitoids of Drosophila
Semiochemicals Mediating Defense, Intraspecific Competition, and Mate Finding in Leptopilina ryukyuensis and L. japonica (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Parasitoids of Drosophila
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DOI：
10.1007/s10886-019-01052-w
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Stoekl, Johannes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Boettinger, Lea C.;Hofferberth, John;Stoekl, Johannes
破译驱动昆虫多种信息素介导的化学通讯系统进化的过程是一项令人着迷且具有挑战性的任务。对模型生物 Leptopilina hetoma 的研究支持了对信息素如何产生的理解，该生物是一种寄生蜂，其防御性化合物 (-)-iridomyrmecin 也进化为雌性性信息素的组成部分，并作为在宿主搜索过程中避免与其他雌性竞争的提示。为了了解化合物如何从非通讯功能进化为具有通讯功能，并阐明伊利霉素在细毛虫属中多功能用途的进化，对另外两个物种（L. ryukyuensis 和 L. japonica）的化学通讯进行了研究。我们证明，在这两个物种中，黄蜂在受到攻击时都会产生并释放出物种特异性的环烯醚萜混合物，这与它们作为防御化合物的假定作用一致。在琉球乳杆菌中，雌性也使用这些环烯醚萜类化合物来避免已经被其他同种雌性利用的宿主斑块。然而，雌性粳稻在寻找寄主时并不会回避同种雌性的气味。我们还表明，雌性琉球琉球菌的性信息素由角质层碳氢化合物（CHC）组成，因为雄性对这些化合物表现出强烈的求偶行为（扇动翅膀），但对环烯醚萜化合物则不然。相比之下，雄性粳稻更喜欢雌性的环烯醚萜类化合物，但 CHC 也会引发一些求偶行为。使用环烯醚萜化合物作为防御性异激素似乎在细毛虫属中很常见，而它们的交流功能似乎以物种特异性的方式进化。
Deciphering the processes driving the evolution of the diverse pheromone-mediated chemical communication system of insects is a fascinating and challenging task. Understanding how pheromones have arisen has been supported by studies with the model organism Leptopilina heterotoma, a parasitoid wasp whose defensive compound (-)-iridomyrmecin also evolved as a component of the female sex pheromone and as a cue to avoid competition with other females during host search. To understand how compounds can evolve from being non-communicative to having a communicative function and to shed light on the evolution of the multi-functional use of iridomyrmecin in the genus Leptopilina, the chemical communication of two additional species, L. ryukyuensis and L. japonica, was studied. We demonstrate that in both species a species-specific mixture of iridoids is produced and emitted by wasps upon being attacked, consistent with their putative role as defensive compounds. In L. ryukyuensis these iridoids are also used by females to avoid host patches already exploited by other conspecific females. However, females of L. japonica do not avoid the odor of conspecific females during host search. We also show that the sex pheromone of female L. ryukyuensis consists of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), as males showed strong courtship behavior (wing fanning) towards these compounds, but not towards the iridoid compounds. In contrast, males of L. japonica prefer their females' iridoids but CHCs also elicit some courtship behavior. The use of iridoid compounds as defensive allomones seems to be common in the genus Leptopilina, while their communicative functions appear to have evolved in a species-specific manner.