Action formation and ascription
Action formation and ascription
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DOI：
10.1002/9781118325001.ch6
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
S. Levinson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Levinson
一般来说，进行对话的能力是一个奇迹，但特别引人注目的是行动归属的速度和明显的准确性。要看到这一点，考虑以下事实：计划和执行最短的话轮需要超过600 ms（参见Levelt，1989），而话轮之间的平均间隙约为200 ms，这取决于语言（de Ruiter，et al.，2006; Stivers等人，2009年）。如图6 - 1所示，这意味着B必须在前一个说话者A说完之前就计划好他或她的话轮。当然，B的话轮与A的话轮主要是通过序列组织联系在一起的：如果A的话轮是一个问题，那么B的话轮就应该是一个答案;如果是一个提议，那么接受或拒绝是有序的，等等（参见斯蒂弗斯本卷关于序列组织的文章）。因此，B对A的话轮的动作归属是B的话轮设计的先决条件--正是“证明程序”使CA成为可能。[1]虽然偶尔会出现对动作内容的误解，但这种情况非常罕见，因此，参与者面临的挑战是，在他们只听过一部分的一个回合中，至少要指定一个主要动作。但要做到这一点，他们必须对所听到的内容进行分析，并充分理解其语法，以便预测内容和结构，这样他们就可以预测它何时结束（否则他们的反应可能来得太早或太迟）。此外，行动
The ability to conduct conversation is a miracle in general, but particularly striking is the speed and apparent accuracy of action ascription. To see this, consider the following facts: it takes over 600ms to plan and execute the shortest turn-at-talk (see Levelt, 1989), while on average the gaps between turns are around 200ms, depending a bit on the language (de Ruiter, et al., 2006; Stivers, et al., 2009). As Figure 6.1 makes clear, this entails that B must plan his or her turn well before the prior speaker A’s is finished. Of course, B’s turn will mostly be tied to A’s turn via sequence organization in particular: If A’s turn was a question, B’s turn is expectably an answer; if an offer, an acceptance or rejection is in order, and so forth (see Stivers, this volume, on sequence organization). So action ascription by B of A’s turn is a prerequisite for the design of B’s turn—the very ‘proof procedure’that makes CA possible. 1 Although occasional misunderstandings of action content do occur, they are surprisingly rare.The challenge for participants, then, is to assign at least one major action to a turn they have only heard part of so far. But to do this, they must have parsed what they have heard and understood its grammar well enough to predict both the content and its structure, so that they can predict when it will come to an end (otherwise their response may come too early or too late). Further, action