Some principles of regeneration in mammalian systems
Some principles of regeneration in mammalian systems
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/ar.b.20079
复制
发表时间：
2005-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Carlson, Bruce M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carlson, Bruce M.
本文介绍了脊椎动物再生现象的一些一般原则，从两栖动物肢体的表型再生开始，继续哺乳动物的组织和器官再生。截肢后的表型再生涉及伤口愈合，随后不久是导致再生芽基形成的去分化阶段。到芽基形成的点，去分化是由独特的再生途径，但从芽基的肢体形成的整体发展控制一般概括胚胎肢体发育。受损的哺乳动物组织不形成芽基。在细胞水平上，分化遵循与胚胎中所见的模式接近的模式，但在组织和器官水平上，再生受到当地环境固有条件的强烈影响。在一些哺乳动物系统中，如肝脏，实质细胞为再生提供后代。在其他情况下，例如，骨骼肌和骨中，组织特异性祖细胞构成再生细胞的主要来源。再生发生的基质在决定再生过程中起着非常重要的作用。表型再生通常产生丢失结构的精确复制品，但在哺乳动物组织再生中，再生的形式在很大程度上取决于作用于再生组织的机械环境，并且它通常是原始结构的不完美复制品。在器官肥大中，例如肝切除后发生的器官肥大，剩余的肝块增大，但没有试图恢复原始形状。
This article presents some general principles underlying regenerative phenomena in vertebrates, starting with the epimorphic regeneration of the amphibian limb and continuing with tissue and organ regeneration in mammals. Epimorphic regeneration following limb amputation involves wound healing, followed shortly by a phase of dedifferentiation that leads to the formation of a regeneration blastema. Up to the point of blastema formation, dedifferentiation is guided by unique regenerative pathways, but the overall developmental controls underlying limb formation from the blastema generally recapitulate those of embryonic limb development. Damaged mammalian tissues do not form a blastema. At the cellular level, differentiation follows a pattern close to that seen in the embryo, but at the level of the tissue and organ, regeneration is strongly influenced by conditions inherent in the local environment. In some mammalian systems, such as the liver, parenchymal cells contribute progeny to the regenerate. In others, e.g., skeletal muscle and bone, tissue-specific progenitor cells constitute the main source of regenerating cells. The substrate on which regeneration occurs plays a very important role in determining the course of regeneration. Epimorphic regeneration usually produces an exact replica of the structure that was lost, but in mammalian tissue regeneration the form of the regenerate is largely determined by the mechanical environment acting on the regenerating tissue, and it is normally an imperfect replica of the original. In organ hypertophy, such as that occurring after hepatic resection, the remaining liver mass enlarges, but there is no attempt to restore the original form.