GNAS mutations and heterotopic ossification.

GNAS mutations and heterotopic ossification.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.002
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发表时间:
2018-04
期刊:
影响因子:
4.1
通讯作者:
Bastepe M
Bastepe M
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Bastepe M

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GNAS 是一个复杂的印记基因,编码刺激性异三聚体 G 蛋白 (Gsα) 的 α 亚基。 GNAS 产生了仅表现出母本或父本表达的其他基因产物,例如 XLαs,这是 Gsα 的一个大变体,仅表现出父本表达,并且与后者部分相同。 Gsα 本身在大多数组织中以双等位基因表达,尽管在一小部分组织(例如肾近曲小管)中表达主要来自母体等位基因。 Gsα 编码 GNAS 外显子的失活突变导致奥尔布赖特遗传性骨营养不良 (AHO),这是指一系列身体和发育障碍,包括肥胖、身材矮小、短指、认知障碍和异位骨化。无论是否存在对多种激素(包括甲状旁腺激素)的终末器官抵抗,携带 Gsα 突变的患者都可能出现 AHO。母本 Gsα 突变导致 AHO 伴有激素抵抗(即假性甲状旁腺功能减退症 Ia 型),而父本突变仅导致 AHO(即假性假性甲状旁腺功能减退症)。与 AHO 相关的异位骨化通过膜内骨形成发生,并且仅限于真皮和皮下组织。然而,在极少数携带 Gsα 突变的病例中,骨化会进展到深层结缔组织和骨骼肌,这种疾病称为进行性骨异型增生 (POH)。在这里,我简要回顾了由 GNAS 失活突变引起的这些疾病的遗传、临床和分子方面,特别强调异位骨化。
GNAS is a complex imprinted gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory heterotrimeric G protein (Gsα). GNAS gives rise to additional gene products that exhibit exclusively maternal or paternal expression, such as XLαs, a large variant of Gsα that shows exclusively paternal expression and is partly identical to the latter. Gsα itself is expressed biallelicaly in most tissues, although the expression occurs predominantly from the maternal allele in a small set of tissues, such as renal proximal tubules. Inactivating mutations in Gsα-coding GNAS exons are responsible for Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), which refers to a constellation of physical and developmental disorders including obesity, short stature, brachydactyly, cognitive impairment, and heterotopic ossification. Patients with Gsα mutations can present with AHO in the presence or absence of end-organ resistance to multiple hormones including parathyroid hormone. Maternal Gsα mutations lead to AHO with hormone resistance (i.e. pseudohypoparathyroidism type-Ia), whereas paternal mutations cause AHO alone (i.e. pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism). Heterotopic ossification associated with AHO develops through intramembranous bone formation and is limited to dermis and subcutis. In rare cases carrying Gsα mutations, however, ossifications progress into deep connective tissue and skeletal muscle, a disorder termed progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH). Here I briefly review the genetic, clinical, and molecular aspects of these disorders caused by inactivating GNAS mutations, with particular emphasis on heterotopic ossification.
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