Managing the Margins: Gender, Citizenship, and the International Regulation of Precarious Employment
Managing the Margins: Gender, Citizenship, and the International Regulation of Precarious Employment
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管理边缘：性别、公民身份和不稳定就业的国际监管
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发表时间：
2011
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通讯作者：
R. Agarwala
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作者：
R. Agarwala
性别不平等仍然是一个紧迫的社会问题，也是社会科学研究的一个富有成果的领域。这本编辑过的书试图从一个跨学科的角度来审视欧洲的性别不平等和福祉的产生，这个角度可能更像是女权主义经济学而不是社会学。这些章节借鉴了历史和当代欧洲的例子，并提供了一个有点不同的采取（无论是理论上和方法论）通常在美国社会学期刊。这本书对性别不平等和幸福的产生采取了更广泛的观点，“能力方法”作为章节之间的理论联系。这些章节再次强调，社会再生产比商品生产更为复杂。各作者还呼吁并（在实证章节中）考虑到社会政治和经济背景。本书用了整整一章的篇幅来介绍能力方法（第二章）。但是，在众多的参考文献中，对这一理论的描述仍然缺乏，这些参考文献将读者指向别处进行澄清。作者认为，福祉是一个重要的成果，福祉本身的产生需要纳入性别不平等的研究（第一章），同时也要求妇女不仅仅是另一个弱势群体（第四章）。第三章进一步挑战传统的概念演变的“现代家庭”在工业化进程之后，并认为家庭的脆弱性不是一个新的概念。这些理论章节呼吁对性别不平等进行更多维的评估，并提醒读者福祉概念和生产的重要性。这本书的两个实证部分所涵盖的主题在主题、方法论和历史时期方面都非常多样化。第一个经验部分“性别关怀和工作”是通过对妇女是被动受害者和需要援助的观念的挑战而形成的。第五章展示了1890年至1910年瑞典和芬兰城市寡妇的相对经济独立性，第六章展示了女性亲属在危机时期照顾大家庭成员的中心地位。第七章重申代际支持不是单方面的，那些经常被认为因年老而需要照顾的人也是照顾和其他形式支持的提供者。这些章节的研究结果强调了市场体系之外的非货币转移的重要性。在后面的章节中，我们将重新讨论家庭养老的主题，这些章节将说明比利时的家庭养老是如何介于公共/市场划分（第九章）和市场工作与家庭养老相结合的问题之间的，特别是对于那些“三明治一代”（第十章）。第八章是一个更典型的时间使用研究，它考察了意大利无偿劳动中的性别不对称，这似乎背离了能力方法传统的研究。结果并不新奇，因为发现妇女从事更多的无酬工作，特别是有孩子的夫妇。本书的第二个实证部分侧重于家庭内部的资源分配。本节五章中有三章主要集中在世纪，考察西班牙的消费模式（第11章）、瑞士儿童教育的性别差异（第12章）以及比利牛斯山脉独身男女的待遇和机会差异（第13章）。这些章节说明了性别差异，但不是在
Gender inequality remains both a pressing social issue and a fruitful area of social science research. This edited volume seeks to examine gender inequality and the production of well-being in Europe from an interdisciplinary perspective that is perhaps more feminist economics than sociology. The chapters draw on historical and contemporary European examples and offer a somewhat different take (both theoretically and methodologically) on what is usually found in American sociology journals. This book takes a broader view on gender inequalities and the production of wellbeing, with the ‘‘capability approach’’ serving as the theoretical connection between the chapters. The chapters reemphasize that social reproduction is more complex than the production of goods. The various authors also call for and (in the empirical chapters) take into account the socio-political and economic context. An entire chapter is dedicated to the introduction of the capability approach (Chapter Two). But the description of the theory remains lacking amidst numerous references that point the reader towards clarification elsewhere. The authors posit that well-being is an important outcome, and that the production of well-being itself needs to be included in the study of gender inequality (Chapter One), while also demanding that women are not just another vulnerable group (Chapter Four). Chapter Three further challenges conventional notions about the evolution of the ‘‘modern family’’ in the wake of the industrialization process, and argues that the fragility of families is not a novel concept. These theoretical chapters call for a more multidimensional assessment of gender inequality, and remind readers of the importance of the concept and production of well-being. The topics covered in the two empirical parts of the book are very diverse in terms of subject, methodology, and historical time period. The first empirical section ‘‘Gender Care and Work’’ is held together by the challenge to the idea of women as passive victims and in need of assistance. Chapter Five demonstrates widows’ relative economic independence in urban Sweden and Finland from 1890 to 1910, and Chapter Six shows the centrality of female relatives in caring for extended family members in times of crisis. Chapter Seven reaffirms the idea that intergenerational support is not one-sided, and those often thought of as needing care due to older age are also givers of care and other forms of support. The findings from the chapters emphasize the importance of non-monetary transfers outside the market system. The theme of caregiving is readdressed in later chapters which illustrate how home caregiving in Belgium is situated between the public/market divide (Chapter Nine) and the problems of combining market work with caregiving, especially for those in the ‘‘sandwich generation’’ (Chapter Ten). In a seeming departure from studies in the capability approach tradition, Chapter Eight is a more typical time-use study that examines the gender asymmetry in unpaid labor in Italy. The results are not novel as women are found to do more unpaid work, especially in couples with children. The second empirical part of the book focuses on the intra-household allocation of resources. Three of the five chapters in this section center primarily on the nineteenth century, examining consumption patterns in Spain (Chapter 11), gender differences in children’s schooling in Switzerland (Chapter 12), and the differences in the treatment of and opportunities for celibate men and women in the Pyrenees (Chapter 13). These chapters illustrate gender differences, but not in