Rural-to-urban migration in Latin America: An update and thoughts on the model
Rural-to-urban migration in Latin America: An update and thoughts on the model
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DOI：
10.1002/ajhb.20043
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发表时间：
2004-07-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Piperata, BA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dufour, DL;Piperata, BA
城市化是一种重要的人口现象，在不到50年的时间里，它使拉丁美洲的聚落格局从农村转向以城市为主。了解这种定居模式变化的生物学后果是人类生物学家面临的一个重要挑战。了解城市环境对人类生物学影响的一种方法是研究从农村到城市的移民。在拉丁美洲，这项研究表明，1)移徙者的生育率往往介于农村和城市人口之间，2)移徙者的死亡率和发病率往往高于长期城市居民，至少在最初是这样。有一些迹象表明，在城市地区生活的移民的实际物质条件——他们往往是最贫困的人群——是比移民身份本身更重要的变量。研究农村到城市的移民需要仔细注意一些概念性问题。一个问题是农村和城市的定义。这两种类型的定居点不再像以前那样泾渭分明，“城市”在不同的地方可能意味着非常不同的东西。另一个问题是当前迁移模式的复杂性。人们从一个明显的农村环境搬到一个明显的城市环境，并在那里度过余生的经典案例并不是常态。第三，大城市的城市环境是非常异质的环境，在健康方面存在巨大的社会经济差异。因此，移民居住在城市环境的哪个地方很重要。(C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc。
Urbanization is an important demographic phenomenon, and in Latin America it transformed the settlement pattern from rural to predominantly urban in less than 50 years. Understanding the biological consequences of this change in settlement pattern is an important challenge for human biologists. One approach to understanding the effects of urban environments on human biology has been to study rural-to-urban migrants. In Latin America this research has shown that 1) the fertility of migrants tends to be intermediate between that of rural and urban populations, and 2) migrants tend to suffer higher rates of mortality and morbidity, at least initially, than long-term urban residents. There is some indication that the actual physical conditions under which migrants live in urban areas-and these tend to be among the most impoverished-are more important variables than migrant status per se. Studying rural-to-urban migrants requires careful attention to a number of conceptual issues. One issue is the definition of rural and urban. These two types of settlements are no longer as distinct as they once were, and "urban" can mean very different things in different places. Another issue is the complexity of current migration patterns. The classic case of people moving from a distinctly rural setting to a distinctly urban one and staying there for the remainder of their lives is not the norm. Third, the urban environments of large cities are extraordinarily heterogeneous environments with enormous socioeconomic differentials in health. Hence, it matters where in the urban environment the migrants live. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.