Deep democracy: urban governmentality and the horizon of politics
Deep democracy: urban governmentality and the horizon of politics
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DOI：
10.1177/095624780101300203
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发表时间：
2001-10-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Appadurai, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Appadurai, A
本文描述了孟买三个民间组织为解决贫困问题而组成的联盟的工作，这三个组织是非政府组织SPARC、全国顺族居民联合会和代表妇女储蓄团体的合作社Mahila Milan。它突出了其工作的主要特点，其中包括：将穷人及其组成的储蓄团体的知识和能力置于其所有工作的核心（非政府组织发挥支持作用）；保持政治中立，与任何当权的人谈判；通过树立先例（例如，社区设计和管理的厕所，由城市穷人集体开发的房屋设计，他们可以比公共或私人机构便宜得多）推动变革，并利用这些来谈判支持和改变政策（一种开发新的“法律”解决方案的战略，符合穷人自己的条件）；横向结构，因为该联盟由主要由贫穷妇女组成的数以千计的小型储蓄团体支持、负责和服务；社区对社区的交流访问，将创新和学习根植于城市贫困群体的行为中；城市贫困群体开展调查和人口普查，生成自己关于“贫民窟”的数据（官方政策缺乏而又需要这些数据），以帮助与官方机构建立伙伴关系，加强和支持他们自己的组织。本文指出，这些都是其他国家城市贫困人口联合会和联盟的共同特点，并描述了它们之间的国际社会交流和其他联系。这些团体正在使自己国际化，自下而上地创建全球化网络。它们个别地和集体地设法向政府（地方、区域、国家）和国际机构证明，城市贫困群体在减贫方面比它们更有能力，它们还向这些机构提供强有力的以社区为基础的伙伴，通过这些伙伴来实现减贫。它们是（或被称为）深度民主的工具，根植于当地环境，能够以有利于穷人的方式调解全球化的力量。在这样做的过程中，无论是在国家内部还是在全球范围内，他们都在寻求重新定义治理和可治理性的含义。
This paper describes the work of an alliance formed by three civic organizations in Mumbai to address poverty - the NGO SPARC, the National Shun Dwellers Federation and Mahila Milan, a cooperative representing women's savings groups. It highlights key features of their work which include: putting the knowledge and capacity of the poor and the savings groups that they form at the core of all their work (with NGOs in a supporting role); keeping politically neutral and negotiating with whoever is in power; driving change through setting precedents (for example, a community-designed and managed toilet, a house design developed collectively by the urban poor that they can build far cheaper than public or private agencies) and using these to negotiate support and changed policies (a strategy that develops new "legal" solutions oil the poor's own terms); a horizontal structure as the Alliance is underpinned by, accountable to and serves thousands of small savings groups formed mostly by poor women; community-to-community exchange visits that root innovation and learning in what urban poor groups do; and urban poor groups undertaking surveys and censuses to produce their own data about "slums" (which official policies lack and need) to help build partnerships with official agencies in ways that strengthen and support their own organizations. The paper notes that these are features shared with urban poor federations and alliances in other countries and it describes the international community exchanges and other links between them. These groups are internationalizing themselves, creating networks of globalization from below. Individually and collectively, they seek to demonstrate to governments (local, regional, national) and international agencies that urban poor groups are more capable than they in poverty reduction, and they also provide these agencies with strong community-based partners through which to do so. They are, or call be, instruments of deep democracy, rooted in local context and able to mediate globalizing forces in ways that benefit the poor. In so doing, both within nations and globally, they are seeking to redefine what governance and governability mean.