Occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk
Occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk
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DOI：
10.3920/978-90-8686-764-6_48
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hengstler, J. G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Degen, G. H.;Munoz, K.;Hengstler, J. G.
真菌毒素是一组不同的有毒真菌代谢物，是世界范围内的食品污染物。最值得关注的是饮食暴露于具有致癌特性的真菌毒素：黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素和赭曲霉毒素A （OTA）。其他值得关注的污染物有柑桔素、麦角生物碱、镰刀菌毒素（如脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇、T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮）和展霉素。哺乳母亲的饮食暴露值得特别关注，因为已知摄入的一些真菌毒素会随母乳排出体外。关于母乳中霉菌毒素含量的第一次研究可以追溯到80年代中后期，并检查了在德国和西非热带一些国家收集的母乳样本中黄曲霉毒素和OTA的存在。从那时起，在世界其他地区进行了更多的研究。报告的黄曲霉毒素检测频率和平均浓度(AFB（1)、AFM(1)）表明，欧洲婴儿接触黄曲霉毒素的情况很低或可以忽略不计，但在热带非洲和“中东”的一些国家可能达到临界水平。对人类母乳中真菌毒素含量进行分析的另一种真菌毒素是乳酸菌毒素：迄今所研究的所有国家的母乳样本中都检测到这种毒素，但含量相当不同。在一些国家，如埃及、土耳其和塞拉利昂，母乳中的OTA含量可能比欧洲的测量值高出100多倍。在这些国家，计算出的哺乳婴儿的净摄入量明显超过了为成人设定的可容忍摄入量。新生儿和婴儿可能比成年人更容易受到这些毒素的不良影响。简要讨论了这种和可能的共同暴露。尽管动物数据（主要来自奶牛）对牛奶中某些真菌毒素的发生提供了一些方向，但对几种重要真菌毒素在人类中的哺乳期转移的了解仍存在重大空白。
Mycotoxins, a diverse group of toxic fungal metabolites, are present as food contaminants worldwide. Of highest concern is dietary exposure to mycotoxins with carcinogenic properties: aflatoxins, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A (OTA). Other contaminants of interest are citrinin, ergot alkaloids, Fusarium mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, zearalenone) and patulin. Dietary exposure of nursing mothers deserves special attention since some of the mycotoxins ingested are known to be excreted with breast milk. The first studies on mycotoxin occurrence in human milk date back to the mid and late 80's and examined the presence of aflatoxins and OTA in breast milk samples collected in Germany and in some countries of tropical Western Africa. Since then, many more studies have been conducted in other parts of the world. The reported frequencies of detection and average concentrations of aflatoxins (AFB(1), AFM(1)) indicate that exposure of infants in Europe is low or negligible, but can reach critical levels in Tropical Africa and some countries of the 'Middle East'. The other mycotoxin for which levels in human breast milk have been analyzed is OTA: it has been detected in breast milk samples of all countries studied so far, but at rather different levels. In some countries, such as Egypt, Turkey and Sierra Leone, OTA levels in breast milk can be more than 100-fold higher than those measured in Europe. The calculated OTA intake of nursed infants in such countries clearly exceed the tolerable intake values that have been set for adults. Newborns and infants may be more susceptible to adverse effects of these toxins than adults. This and possible co-exposures are briefly discussed. Although animal data (mainly from dairy cattle) provide some orientation on the occurrence of certain mycotoxins in milk, there are major gaps in knowledge on the lactational transfer of several important mycotoxins in humans.