Internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence: general and dimension-specific effects of familial loadings and preadolescent temperament traits
Internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence: general and dimension-specific effects of familial loadings and preadolescent temperament traits
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DOI：
10.1017/s0033291705005829
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发表时间：
2005-12-01
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Verhulst, FC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ormel, J;Oldehinkel, AJ;Verhulst, FC
背景。我们调查了家庭负荷、青春期前气质和青春期内化和外化问题之间的联系，从而区分了内化和外化问题对一般适应不良的影响和特定维度的影响。以2230名10-11岁的青少年为样本，在基线时采用父母报告评估家族负荷（父母一生精神病理）和后代气质，在2.5年随访时采用自我报告、老师报告和父母报告评估后代精神病理。我们使用了气质和精神病理学的纯化测量方法，并将内在化和外在化问题之间的共同方差部分分离出来。内化精神病理的家族负荷预测后代的内化问题而非外化问题，而外化精神病理的家族负荷预测后代的外化问题而非内化问题。两种家庭负荷都与挫折、低努力控制和恐惧有关。挫折是预测适应不良严重程度的一般风险因素；低努力控制和恐惧是预测特定类型精神病理的维度特异性风险因素；而羞怯、高强度快乐和隶属关系则作为方向标记，在适应不良的情况下，控制内化问题与外化问题的条件概率。气质特质介导了家族负荷与精神病理之间三分之一的关联。研究结果在不同的精神病理学综合测量中都是稳健的，并适用于女孩和男孩。关于家族负荷和气质，区分一般风险因素（挫折）和特定维度风险因素（家族负荷、努力控制、恐惧）以及作为致病因素的方向标记（害羞、高强度快乐、隶属关系）是很重要的。青春期早期精神病理的家族负荷效应约有三分之一是由气质介导的。
Background. We investigated the links between familial loading, preadolescent temperament, and internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence, hereby distinguishing effects on maladjustment in general versus dimension-specific effects on either internalizing or externalizing problems.Method. In a population-based sample of 2230 preadolescents (10-11 years) familial loading (parental lifetime psychopathology) and offspring temperament were assessed at baseline by parent report, and offspring psychopathology at 2.5-years follow-up by self-report, teacher report and parent report. We used purified measures of temperament and psychopathology and partialled out shared variance between internalizing and externalizing problems.Results. Familial loading of internalizing psychopathology predicted offspring internalizing but not externalizing problems, whereas familial loading of externalizing psychopathology predicted offspring externalizing but not internalizing problems. Both familial loadings were associated with Frustration, low Effortful Control, and Fear. Frustration acted as a general risk factor predicting severity of maladjustment; low Effortful Control and Fear acted as dimension-specific risk factors that predicted a particular type of psychopathology; whereas Shyness, High-Intensity Pleasure, and Affiliation acted as direction markers that steered the conditional probability of internalizing versus externalizing problems, in the event of maladjustment. Temperament traits mediated one-third of the association between familial loading and psychopathology. Findings were robust across different composite measures of psychopathology, and applied to girls as well as boys.Conclusions. With regard to familial loading and temperament, it is important to distinguish general risk factors (Frustration) from dimension-specific risk factors (familial loadings, Effortful Control, Fear), and direction markers that act as pathoplastic factors (Shyness, High-Intensity Pleasure, Affiliation) from both types of risk factors. About one-third of familial loading effects on psychopathology in early adolescence are mediated by temperament.