The characterization of two novel neotropical primate papillomaviruses supports the ancient within-species diversity model
The characterization of two novel neotropical primate papillomaviruses supports the ancient within-species diversity model
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DOI：
10.1093/ve/veaa036
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Santos, Andre F. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D'arc, Mirela;Moreira, Filipe R. R.;Santos, Andre F. A.
乳头瘤病毒（PV）是一种无包膜的二十面体病毒，具有类似于8，000个碱基对（bp）的环状双链DNA基因组。迄今为止，在人类中已经确定了200多种不同的PV类型，分布在五个属中，其中几种菌株与癌症发展相关。虽然广泛分布于脊椎动物中，但新热带灵长类（NP）PV感染仅在2016年首次被描述。目前，已经鉴定了四种NP PV的完整基因组，三种来自松鼠猴（SscPV 1至SscPV 3），一种来自Alouatta guariba（AgPV 1）。在这项工作中，我们使用巴西利亚灵长类动物中心动物的肛门拭子样本和下一代测序描述了两种感染长毛Callithrix penicillata的新型PV菌株（暂时命名为CpenPV 1和CpenPV 2）。CpenPV 1（7，288 bp; 41.5%鸟嘌呤-胞嘧啶含量- GC）和CpenPV 2（7，250 bp; 40.7% GC）的基因组包含早期（E6、E7、E1、E2和E4）和晚期（L2和L1）PV基因的特征性开放阅读框（ORF）。L1 ORF通常用于系统发育鉴定，彼此之间有76%的相似性，与任何其他已知的PV有32%的差异，这表明这些新菌株符合定义新物种的标准。PV基因的系统发育方差进行了分析，不同程度的饱和揭示了相似的拓扑异质性水平，排除了饱和作为这种现象的主要病因因素。有趣的是，两种CpenPV毒株在γ乳头瘤病毒属内形成单系进化枝（暂时命名为γ乳头瘤病毒32）。与其他NP PV毒株不同的是，NP PV毒株被归为α乳头瘤病毒的一个新的姐妹属，这是NP PV毒株被归为一个以前被认为只包含旧世界灵长类动物（OWP）PV（包括人PV）的属的首次报告。这些发现证实了在大约4000万年前OWP和NP分裂之前已经感染灵长类动物的γ乳头瘤病毒的共同祖先的存在。最后，我们的研究结果与一个古老的物种内多样性模型是一致的，并强调了增加采样的重要性，以帮助了解PV-灵长类动物共趋异动态和致病潜力。
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a circular double-stranded DNA genome of similar to 8,000 base pairs (bp). More than 200 different PV types have been identified to date in humans, which are distributed in five genera, with several strains associated with cancer development. Although widely distributed in vertebrates, Neotropical Primates (NP) PV infection was described for the first time only in 2016. Currently, four complete genomes of NP PVs have been characterized, three from Saimiri sciureus (SscPV1 to SscPV3) and one from Alouatta guariba (AgPV1). In this work, we describe two novel PV strains infecting Callithrix penicillata (provisionally named CpenPV1 and CpenPV2), using anal swab samples from animals residing at the Brasilia Primatology Center and next generation sequencing. The genomes of CpenPV1 (7,288 bp; 41.5% guanine-cytosine content - GC) and CpenPV2 (7,250 bp; 40.7% GC) contain the characteristic open reading frames (ORFs) for the early (E6, E7, E1, E2, and E4) and late (L2 and L1) PV genes. The L1 ORFs, commonly used for phylogenetic identification, share 76 per cent similarity with each other and differ 32 per cent from any other known PV, indicating that these new strains meet the criteria for defining novel species. PV genes phylogenetic variance was analyzed and different degrees of saturation revealed similar levels of topological heterogeneity, ruling out saturation as primary etiological factor for this phenomenon. Interestingly, the two CpenPV strains form a monophyletic clade within the Gammapapillomavirus genus (provisionally named gammapapillomavirus 32). Unlike for other NP PV strains, which grouped into a new sister genus of Alphapapillomavirus, this is the first report of NP PV strains grouping into a genus previously considered to exclusively comprise Old World Primates (OWP) PVs, including human PVs. These findings confirm the existence of a common ancestor for Gammapapillomavirus already infecting primates before the split of OWP and NP at similar to 40 million years ago. Finally, our findings are consistent with an ancient within-species diversity model and emphasize the importance of increasing sampling to help understanding the PV- primate codivergence dynamics and pathogenic potential.