Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition.

Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition.
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DOI:
10.3390/toxics11100866
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发表时间:
2023-10-18
期刊:
影响因子:
4.6
通讯作者:
Braga MFM
Braga MFM
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Aroniadou-Anderjaska V;Figueiredo TH;de Araujo Furtado M;Pidoplichko VI;Braga MFM

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有机磷化合物 (OP) 在农业(例如农药)、工业(例如阻燃剂)和化学战(神经毒剂)中具有应用。高剂量或长期接触时,它们可能有毒或致命。所有 OP 中常见的引发毒性作用的主要机制是抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶。在急性 OP 暴露中,胆碱能突触中乙酰胆碱的随后激增会导致外周胆碱能危象和癫痫持续状态 (SE),这两种情况都可能导致死亡。如果在没有有效控制癫痫发作的情况下避免死亡,就会发生长期的脑损伤。这篇综述描述了乙酰胆碱升高导致呼吸衰竭并引发 SE 的机制;杏仁核在癫痫发作中的作用; M1 毒蕈碱受体在 SE 早期阶段的作用; SE 激活的神经毒性途径(兴奋毒性/Ca++ 超载/氧化应激、神经炎症);与低剂量、慢性暴露相关的神经毒性机制(Ca++ 体内平衡失调/氧化应激、炎症),这些机制不依赖于 SE,也不一定涉及乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制。迄今为止的证据表明,急性OP暴露引起的脑损伤是SE的直接结果,而低剂量慢性暴露激活的神经毒性机制与SE无关,并且可能与乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制无关。
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) have applications in agriculture (e.g., pesticides), industry (e.g., flame retardants), and chemical warfare (nerve agents). In high doses or chronic exposure, they can be toxic or lethal. The primary mechanism, common among all OPs, that initiates their toxic effects is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. In acute OP exposure, the subsequent surge of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses causes a peripheral cholinergic crisis and status epilepticus (SE), either of which can lead to death. If death is averted without effective seizure control, long-term brain damage ensues. This review describes the mechanisms by which elevated acetylcholine can cause respiratory failure and trigger SE; the role of the amygdala in seizure initiation; the role of M1 muscarinic receptors in the early stages of SE; the neurotoxic pathways activated by SE (excitotoxicity/Ca++ overload/oxidative stress, neuroinflammation); and neurotoxic mechanisms linked to low-dose, chronic exposure (Ca++ dyshomeostasis/oxidative stress, inflammation), which do not depend on SE and do not necessarily involve acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The evidence so far indicates that brain damage from acute OP exposure is a direct result of SE, while the neurotoxic mechanisms activated by low-dose chronic exposure are independent of SE and may not be associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
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