The Chicxulub impact and its environmental consequences

The Chicxulub impact and its environmental consequences
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希克苏鲁伯的影响及其环境后果

DOI:
10.1038/s43017-022-00283-y
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
Nature reviews
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Morgan, J.V.
Morgan, J.V.
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Morgan, J.V.

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恐龙和大约四分之三的生物物种的灭绝几乎可以肯定是由 6600 万年前的一次小行星撞击造成的。在墨西哥撞击地点采集的地震数据提供了大约 200 公里宽的希克苏鲁伯撞击结构的壮观图像。在这篇评论中,我们展示了对希克苏鲁伯撞击地点的研究如何增进了我们对大型陨石坑的形成以及这种撞击的环境和古生物学后果的理解。希克苏鲁伯陨石坑的不对称形状和大小表明存在倾斜撞击,撞击能量约为 1023 焦耳,这些信息对于量化撞击的气候影响非常重要。数千亿吨的小行星和目标物质以超过每秒 5 公里的速度喷出,形成快速移动的云,在数小时内将灰尘、烟灰和硫酸盐气溶胶输送到地球周围。全球野火产生的撞击喷射物和烟尘阻挡了阳光并导致全球变冷,从而解释了大规模灭绝的严重性和突然性。然而,目前还不确定这个影响冬季是否持续了数月或超过十年。对扩大的白垩纪-古近纪转变的进一步结合古生物学和代理研究应该进一步限制气候反应以及灭绝的确切原因和选择性。
The extinction of the dinosaurs and around three-quarters of all living species was almost certainly caused by a large asteroid impact 66 million years ago. Seismic data acquired across the impact site in Mexico have provided spectacular images of the approximately 200-kilometre-wide Chicxulub impact structure. In this Review, we show how studying the impact site at Chicxulub has advanced our understanding of formation of large craters and the environmental and palaeontological consequences of this impact. The Chicxulub crater’s asymmetric shape and size suggest an oblique impact and an impact energy of about 1023joules, information that is important for quantifying the climatic effects of the impact. Several thousand gigatonnes of asteroidal and target material were ejected at velocities exceeding 5 kilometres per second, forming a fast-moving cloud that transported dust, soot and sulfate aerosols around the Earth within hours. These impact ejecta and soot from global wildfires blocked sunlight and caused global cooling, thus explaining the severity and abruptness of the mass extinction. However, it remains uncertain whether this impact winter lasted for many months or for more than a decade. Further combined palaeontological and proxy studies of expanded Cretaceous–Palaeogene transitions should further constrain the climatic response and the precise cause and selectivity of the extinction.
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