Of Pheromones and Kairomones: What Receptors Mediate Innate Emotional Responses?
Of Pheromones and Kairomones: What Receptors Mediate Innate Emotional Responses?
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DOI：
10.1002/ar.22745
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发表时间：
2013-09-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Martinez-Garcia, Fernando
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fortes-Marco, Lluis;Lanuza, Enrique;Martinez-Garcia, Fernando
有些化学物质会引发天生的充满情感的行为反应。信息素介导性吸引，父母的照顾或竞争的对抗，而捕食者的利它素引起的防御行为在他们的猎物。本文探讨的假设，这些化学信息素的检测依赖于高度特异性的嗅觉和/或犁鼻受体。V1 R、V2 R和甲酰肽犁鼻受体以高度特异性和敏感性的方式结合其配体，因此是信息素或利它素检测器（例如，分泌和排泄的蛋白质、肽和亲脂性挥发物）。嗅上皮还表达特异性受体，例如痕量胺相关受体（TAAR）和鸟苷酸环化酶受体（GC-D和其他类型），其中一些结合利它素和推定的信息素。然而，大多数的嗅觉神经元表达典型的嗅觉受体（OR），结合许多配体具有不同的亲和力，不适合介导的信息素和利它素的反应。在这方面，三甲基噻唑啉（TMT）被认为是一种狐狸衍生的利它素的小鼠和大鼠，但它似乎是由典型的OR检测。因此，我们通过分析远交系（CD 1）和近交系小鼠（C57 BL/J6）对TMT的行为反应，重新评估了TMT的利它素性质。我们的研究结果证实，这两种小鼠品系避免TMT，这增加了C57 BL/J6小鼠的不动性，但不是CD 1小鼠。然而，这两种品系的小鼠在整个测试中嗅闻TMT，并且没有显示出TMT诱导的背景条件反射（不动或回避）的痕迹。这表明，TMT不是利它素，但类似于一个响亮的噪音，在高浓度下，它诱导厌恶和压力作为非特异性反应，以强烈的嗅觉刺激。Anat Rec，296：1346-1363，2013。(c)2013 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.
Some chemicals elicit innate emotionally laden behavioral responses. Pheromones mediate sexual attraction, parental care or agonistic confrontation, whereas predators' kairomones elicit defensive behaviors in their preys. This essay explores the hypothesis that the detection of these semiochemicals relies on highly specific olfactory and/or vomeronasal receptors. The V1R, V2R, and formyl-peptide vomeronasal receptors bind their ligands in highly specific and sensitive way, thus being good candidates for pheromone- or kairomone-detectors (e.g., secreted and excreted proteins, peptides and lipophilic volatiles). The olfactory epithelium also expresses specific receptors, for example trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR) and guanylyl cyclase receptors (GC-D and other types), some of which bind kairomones and putative pheromones. However, most of the olfactory neurons express canonical olfactory receptors (ORs) that bind many ligands with different affinity, being not suitable for mediating responses to pheromones and kairomones. In this respect, trimethylthiazoline (TMT) is considered a fox-derived kairomone for mice and rats, but it seems to be detected by canonical ORs. Therefore, we have reassessed the kairomonal nature of TMT by analyzing the behavioral responses of outbred (CD1) and inbred mice (C57BL/J6) to TMT. Our results confirm that both mouse strains avoid TMT, which increases immobility in C57BL/J6, but not CD1 mice. However, mice of both strains sniff at TMT throughout the test and show no trace of TMT-induced contextual conditioning (immobility or avoidance). This suggests that TMT is not a kairomone but, similar to a loud noise, in high concentrations it induces aversion and stress as unspecific responses to a strong olfactory stimulation. Anat Rec, 296:1346-1363, 2013. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.