Contrasting characteristics, changes, and linkages of permafrost between the Arctic and the Third Pole
Contrasting characteristics, changes, and linkages of permafrost between the Arctic and the Third Pole
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DOI：
10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104042
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发表时间：
2022-05
影响因子：
12.1
通讯作者：
Xuejia Wang;Y. Ran;Guojin Pang;Deliang L. Chen;Bo Su;Rui Chen;Xin Li;Hans W. Chen;Meixue Yan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Xuejia Wang;Y. Ran;Guojin Pang;Deliang L. Chen;Bo Su;Rui Chen;Xin Li;Hans W. Chen;Meixue Yan
多年冻土退化通过对生态水文过程、基础设施稳定性和气候系统的影响，对自然系统和人类系统构成严重威胁。但是，目前还没有系统地比较这两个地区的多年冻土特征、气候生态环境及其对扰动的易感性。本研究综述了北极和青藏高原的气候、生态系统特征、地温、多年冻土范围、活动层厚度以及过去和未来多年冻土的变化。还研究了与永久冻土退化有关的潜在后果。最后，通过陆-海-气相互作用探讨了两个区域之间可能的联系。近几十年来，这两个地区都经历了剧烈的变暖，其特征是北极放大和海拔依赖于TP的变暖。北极的永久冻土温度比青藏高原的温度上升得更快，而且在未来的高排放情景下可能会加强。预计在未来几十年，这两个地区的近地表永久冻土范围将缩小，TP的下降幅度更大。青藏高原上的活动层更厚，深度也更大，预计将比北极更厚。广泛的永久冻土退化增加了地质灾害的风险，并已经对人类和自然系统产生了相当大的影响。多年冻土变化还通过多年冻土碳和陆-气相互作用的变化对气候系统产生了显著影响。未来的研究应包括结合长期观测、高分辨率卫星测量和先进的地球系统模型对两个地区的永久冻土动态进行比较研究，重点是两个地区之间的联系。
Permafrost degradation poses serious threats to both natural and human systems through its influence on ecological–hydrological processes, infrastructure stability, and the climate system. The Arctic and the Third Pole (Tibetan Plateau, TP hereafter) are the two northern regions on Earth with the most extensive permafrost areas. However, there is a lack of systematic comparisons of permafrost characteristics and its climate and eco-environment between these two regions and their susceptibility to disturbances. This study provides a comprehensive review of the climate, ecosystem characteristics, ground temperature, permafrost extent, and active-layer thickness, as well as the past and future changes in permafrost in the Arctic and the TP. The potential consequences associated with permafrost degradation are also examined. Lastly, possible connections between the two regions through land-ocean–atmosphere interactions are explored. Both regions have experienced dramatic warming in recent decades, characterized by Arctic amplification and elevation-dependent warming on the TP. Permafrost temperatures have increased more rapidly in the Arctic than on the TP, and will likely be reinforced under a future high emission scenario. Near-surface permafrost extents are projected to shrink in both regions in the coming decades, with a more dramatic decline in the TP. The active layer on the TP is thicker and has substantially deepened, and is projected to thicken more than in the Arctic. Widespread permafrost degradation increases geohazard risk and has already wielded considerable effects on the human and natural systems. Permafrost changes have also exerted a pronounced impact on the climate system through changes in permafrost carbon and land–atmosphere interactions. Future research should involve comparative studies of permafrost dynamics in both regions that integrate long-term observations, high-resolution satellite measurements, and advanced Earth System models, with emphasis on linkages between the two regions.