Chemical ecology of fruit defence: synergistic and antagonistic interactions among amides from Piper
Chemical ecology of fruit defence: synergistic and antagonistic interactions among amides from Piper
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水果防御的化学生态学：胡椒酰胺之间的协同和拮抗相互作用
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.12250
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
M. Bowers
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Whitehead;M. Bowers
摘要1.虽然成熟的肉质果实的功能主要是吸引种子传播者，但它们也必须抵御不同的种子捕食者和病原体。对于某些植物，果实中次生代谢物的浓度和多样性可以超过叶子和其他植物部分，但对果实中发现的化合物的功能意义知之甚少。果实次生代谢物可能在防御中起作用，或者它们可能在种子发育和传播中发挥各种其他作用。2.在这项研究中，我们进行了一系列的实验，以测试酰胺的影响，一个高度多样化的类的次生代谢产物中发现的胡椒果实，对各种拮抗性水果害虫，包括昆虫种子捕食者（Sibaria englemani，蝽科）和三个身份不明的物种的真菌分离自成熟的胡椒（胡椒科）果实。我们测试了来自P. reticulatum的未成熟和成熟果实的富含酰胺的提取物的效果以及单独和组合呈现的两种纯化合物胡椒碱和胡椒碱的效果。3.未成熟和成熟果实中富含酰胺的提取物对昆虫的取食偏好没有影响，但对真菌的生长速率有强烈的负面影响。未成熟和成熟的水果提取物的相对生物活性的比较，控制浓度，表明未成熟的水果中的化合物的特定组合物提供了一个更有效的防御比成熟的水果对两个测试的三种真菌物种。4.纯酰胺对昆虫的取食偏好和真菌生长速率有不同的影响。两种纯酰胺单独和组合的生物活性测试表明，相同的两种化合物可以在混合物中协同或拮抗地相互作用，这取决于所涉及的特定消费者。5.总之，这些结果表明，果实中的次生代谢物可能是一个关键的特性，有助于果实防御和植物繁殖成功。具体而言，我们的研究结果强调：（一）混合物的组成略有变化，以改变防御的功效的潜力;和（二）混合物中的化合物之间的复杂的相互作用，可以改变不同的消费者之间的次级代谢产物的生物活性差异的潜力。
Summary 1. Although ripe, fleshy fruits function primarily to attract seed dispersers, they must also be defended against diverse communities of seed predators and pathogens. For some plants, the concentration and diversity of secondary metabolites in fruits can exceed that of leaves and other plant parts, but little is known about the functional significance of the suites of compounds found in fruits. Fruit secondary metabolites may function in defence, or they may play a variety of other roles in seed development and dispersal. 2. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments to test the effects of amides, a highly diverse class of secondary metabolites found in Piper fruits, on a variety of antagonistic fruit pests, including an insect seed predator (Sibaria englemani, Pentatomidae) and three unidentified species of fungi isolated from ripe Piper reticulatum (Piperaceae) fruits. We tested the effects of amide-rich extracts from unripe and ripe fruits of P. reticulatum and the effects of two pure compounds, piperine and piplartine, presented alone and in combination. 3. Amide-rich extracts from unripe and ripe fruits had no effect on insect feeding preferences, but strong negative effects on fungal growth rates. A comparison of the relative bioactivity of unripe and ripe fruit extracts, controlling for concentration, showed that the specific composition of compounds in unripe fruits provides a more effective defence than that of ripe fruits against two of the three fungal species tested. 4. Pure amides had variable effects on insect feeding preferences and strong negative effects on fungal growth rates. Tests of the bioactivity of two pure amides, presented alone and in combination, showed that the same two compounds can interact either synergistically or antagonistically in mixtures depending on the particular consumer involved. 5. Together, these results suggest that the secondary metabolites in fruits may be a key characteristic contributing to fruit defence and plant reproductive success. Specifically, our results emphasize: (i) the potential for slight changes in the composition of mixtures to alter the efficacy of defence; and (ii) the potential for complex interactions among compounds in mixtures that can alter the bioactivity of secondary metabolites differentially among different consumers.
食草动物引起的水果与食果动物相互作用的变化
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
Whitehead S;K. Poveda
通讯作者：
K. Poveda