Visceral nerves: Vagal and sympathetic innervation
Visceral nerves: Vagal and sympathetic innervation
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DOI：
10.1177/0148607108321705
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发表时间：
2008-09-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Teff, Karen L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Teff, Karen L.
自主神经系统是对内部和外部刺激的生理反应的主要神经介质。它由2个分支组成：交感神经系统，介导分解代谢反应，副交感神经系统，由迷走神经组成，调节合成代谢反应。由于迷走神经支配参与营养代谢的大多数组织，包括胃、胰腺和肝脏，迷走神经传出活动的激活有可能影响营养物质的吸收和代谢。迷走神经传出活动最初在食物摄入开始时由口咽腔中的受体激活，然后在餐后食物摄入期间激活。胰腺的迷走神经传出神经支配有助于早期胰岛素释放以及优化餐后胰岛素释放。在没有迷走神经激活的情况下，当葡萄糖被灌胃给药时，餐后葡萄糖水平更高，胰岛素水平与食物激活口咽受体时相比变钝。迷走神经传出活动的诱导也发生在慢性胰腺B细胞挑战与48小时葡萄糖输注。在这些条件下，胰岛素分泌的代偿性增加部分由迷走神经传出活动的增加介导。总之，迷走神经，副交感神经系统的一部分，在血糖水平的调节中起着关键作用，是一个经常被忽视的因素，有助于葡萄糖稳态。
The autonomic nervous system is the primary neural mediator of physiological responses to internal and external stimuli. It is composed of 2 branches: the sympathetic nervous system, which mediates catabolic responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system, composed of the vagus nerve, which regulates anabolic responses. As the vagus nerve innervates most tissues involved in nutrient metabolism, including the stomach, pancreas, and liver, activation of vagal efferent activity has the potential to influence how nutrients are absorbed and metabolized. Vagal efferent activity is initially activated at the onset of food intake by receptors in the oropharyngeal cavity and then during food intake postprandially. Vagal efferent innervation of the pancreas contributes to early-phase insulin release as well as to optimizing postprandial insulin release. In the absence of vagal activation, which occurs when glucose is administered intragastrically, postprandial glucose levels are higher and insulin levels blunted compared with when there is activation of oropharyngeal receptors by food. An induction of vagal efferent activity also occurs during chronic pancreatic B-cell challenge with 48-hour glucose infusions. Under these conditions, the compensatory increase in insulin secretion is partially mediated by an increase in vagal efferent activity. In conclusion, the vagus nerve, part of the parasympathetic nervous system, plays a critical role in the regulation of blood glucose levels and is an often overlooked factor contributing to glucose homeostasis.