Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness
Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1504567112
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发表时间：
2015-06-23
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Ingvar, Martin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jensen, Karin;Kirsch, Irving;Ingvar, Martin
疼痛的减轻和增强可以通过条件反射过程来实现，但在经典条件反射的习得阶段，意识的作用尚不清楚。我们使用心理物理学的措施，以建立条件性镇痛和痛觉过敏反应是否可以收购看不见的（阈下呈现）的刺激。采用2 × 2析因设计，包括在获得/消退期间条件刺激（CS）的阈下/阈上暴露。结果显示显著的镇痛和痛觉过敏反应（P < 0.001），并且反应独立于CS意识，因为在获得/消退期间的阈下/阈上线索导致相当的结果。对痛觉过敏反应的影响显著大于镇痛反应（P < 0.001）。结果表明，在条件性镇痛或痛觉过敏的获得或消失过程中，不需要有意识地意识到CS。我们的研究结果支持这样的观点，即无意识刺激对人脑功能和行为具有普遍的影响，并可能影响复杂认知过程的学习，如心理介导的镇痛和痛觉过敏反应。
Pain reduction and enhancement can be produced by means of conditioning procedures, yet the role of awareness during the acquisition stage of classical conditioning is unknown. We used psychophysical measures to establish whether conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli. A 2 x 2 factorial design, including subliminal/supraliminal exposures of conditioning stimuli (CS) during acquisition/extinction, was used. Results showed significant analgesic and hyperalgesic responses (P < 0.001), and responses were independent of CS awareness, as subliminal/supraliminal cues during acquisition/extinction led to comparable outcomes. The effect was significantly larger for hyperalgesic than analgesic responses (P < 0.001). Results demonstrate that conscious awareness of the CS is not required during either acquisition or extinction of conditioned analgesia or hyperalgesia. Our results support the notion that nonconscious stimuli have a pervasive effect on human brain function and behavior and may affect learning of complex cognitive processes such as psychologically mediated analgesic and hyperalgesic responses.