Industry Challenges to the Principle of Prevention in Public Health: The Precautionary Principle in Historical Perspective
Industry Challenges to the Principle of Prevention in Public Health: The Precautionary Principle in Historical Perspective
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行业对公共卫生预防原则的挑战：历史视角下的预防原则
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Markowitz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Rosner;G. Markowitz
从历史上看，预防疾病一直是公共卫生实践的基石。在19世纪，纯净水的供应、污水处理工程和卫生设施是城市改革的标志。在世纪，接种疫苗和传染病的早期治疗，如梅毒和淋病，以及婴儿服务，例如，成为全国卫生部门的中心活动。然而，近几十年来，随着公共卫生的范围扩大到解决企业和工业健康问题，显然明确的预防疾病的公共卫生任务经常与私营企业避免公共卫生或国家干预其业务的自身利益发生冲突。近年来，随着民族国家寻求解决影响全球社会健康的问题，利害关系已大大增加。在大多数情况下，直到20世纪90年代末，环境纠纷一直是地方性或全国性的，如纽约的洛夫运河、密西西比州的时代海滩或路易斯安那州的修道院。但最近，争论已经呈现出国际化的趋势，特别是在关于全球变暖的京都议定书的争论期间和之后。曾经只对特定公司和当地社区感兴趣的问题，现在已经成为跨国公司和全世界关注的问题。例如，商业圆桌会议成立于1972年，是一个代表全国2000家最大公司的协会，
Historically, prevention of disease has been a cornerstone of public healthpractice. In the 19th century, the provision of pure water, the engineeringefforts to remove sewage, and sanitation were hallmarks of urban reform. Inthe 20th century, vaccination and early treatment of communicable disease,such as syphilis and gonorrhea, and well baby services, for example, emerged ascentral activities of health departments around the nation. Yet, in recent de-cades, as public health has expanded its scope to address issues of environmen-tal and industrial health, the apparently clear-cut public health mandate toprevent disease has often come into conflictwith private industries’ self-interest in avoid-ing public health or state interventions in itspractices.In recent years, the stakes have been dra-matically raised as nation states have soughtto address issues affecting the health of theglobal community. For the most part, untilthe late 1990s, environmental disputes havebeen local or national in scope, such as thoseat Love Canal, New York; Times Beach, Mis-souri; or Convent, Louisiana. But lately, thearguments have taken on international di-mensions especially during and after thedebates over the Kyoto Protocol on GlobalWarming. Issues, which were once of inter-est only to particular companies and localcommunities, are now of concern to multi-national corporations and the world. Forexample, the Business Roundtable—foundedin 1972 as an association, representing 200of the nation’s largest corporations, to