Economic Sanctions and Embargoes
Economic Sanctions and Embargoes
复制标题
经济制裁和禁运
DOI：
10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00018
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发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
39.2
通讯作者：
Michael Brumage
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Michael Brumage
致编辑：医生被迫减轻痛苦。道德和人权委员会关于减轻制裁对公共卫生的影响的建议是朝着帮助受影响国家的弱势群体迈出的可喜的第一步。虽然我们应该调查和分析制裁和禁运对公共卫生的影响，但我们绝不应忘记，受制裁国家对公共卫生的最大威胁是其领导人。在巴尔干半岛，斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇（Slobodan Milosevic）在过去十年中发动了战争，极大地影响了几乎所有前南斯拉夫共和国的公共卫生，同时蔓延到南斯拉夫边境的马其顿和阿尔巴尼亚。像萨达姆·侯赛因一样，这个被起诉的战犯毫不犹豫地让他的人民，特别是弱势群体，承担其政治自我保护的巨大公共卫生后果。南斯拉夫和伊拉克只是其暴虐领导人对公众健康造成真正威胁的国家的两个例子。如果医生要关心这些国家的公众健康，问题就变成了如何最好地应对公众健康威胁。除了战争之外，禁运的唯一替代方案是彻底取消制裁。这样做就是把这些暴君释放到他们自己的人民和邻国身上，从而引发更大的公共卫生危机。如果美国医师学会和美国内科医学会的成员要介入围绕制裁和禁运的公共卫生争议，我们必须清醒地认识到，对受影响国家的善意可能会产生意想不到的后果。只要不负责任的领导人统治国家，苦难就会一直存在。虽然我们有义务尽一切可能减轻这种痛苦，但我们不能对复杂的人道主义紧急情况的现实视而不见。这样做会使学院面临成为真正的公共卫生问题的廉价宣传工具的风险。
TO THE EDITOR: Physicians are compelled to relieve suffering. The Ethics and Human Rights Committee's recommendations (1) to ameliorate the public health effects of sanctions are a welcome first step toward helping vulnerable people in the affected countries. Although we should investigate and analyze the public health effects of sanctions and embargoes, we should never forget that the biggest threats to public health in the sanctioned nations are their leaders. In the Balkans, Slobodan Milosevic has unleashed wars over the past decade that dramatically affected the public health of nearly all the former Yugoslav republics, while spilling over the borders of Yugoslavia into Macedonia and Albania. Like Saddam Hussein, this indicted war criminal does not hesitate to cause his people, and especially the vulnerable groups, to bear the enormous public health consequences of his political self-preservation. Yugoslavia and Iraq are only two examples of countries whose tyrannical leaders cause real threats to public health. If physicians are to be concerned about the public health of these nations, the issue becomes how best to deal with the public health threat. The only alternative to embargoes, other than war, is to rescind sanctions completely. To do this is to unleash these despots on their own people and their neighbors, precipitating even larger public health crises. If the members of the American College of PhysiciansAmerican Society of Internal Medicine are to wade into the public health controversy surrounding sanctions and embargoes, we must do so with the sober realization that good intentions toward the affected nations may have unintended consequences. There will always be suffering in nations as long as irresponsible leaders govern them. While we are obligated to do whatever possible to relieve that suffering, we cannot be blind to the realities of complex humanitarian emergencies. To do so puts the College at risk for becoming a cheap propaganda tool for the real public health problems.
内窥镜检查后戊二醛结肠炎：临床和病理特征以及暴发调查。
影响因子：
29.4
作者：
West,AB;Kuan,SF;Bennick,M;Lagarde,S
通讯作者：
Lagarde,S